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Comment la littérature africaine francophone se réinvente-t-elle au tournant du siècle ? Après le lyrisme de la Négritude et les désillusions des indépendances, la littérature africaine francophone affronte, à nouveau, la toujours troublante question de l'identité. Une question, que le roman congolais reformule, en opposant aux divers régimes de l'authenticité, celui du jeu permanent avec l'origine : la parade postcoloniale.

Ethnicity in literature.

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Au Moyen Âge, « métaphysique » cesse d'être le nom d'une série de livres d'Aristote pour devenir celui d'une science, la plus haute de toutes. Cet ouvrage explore ses origines, à travers le néoplatonisme grec et la philosophie arabe. Science théologique, la métaphysique conserve pourtant une dimension d'exercice spirituel. Tournée vers la considération rationnelle de Dieu, elle rivalise avec le kalâm musulman comme avec la théologie chrétienne. Mais la genèse n'est rien sans une interrogation sur les structures. Peut-on ramener le jaillissement infini des métaphysiques au Moyen Âge à une forme d'unité générale ? Comment s'harmonisent leur orientation vers l'être et leur tension vers le divin ? À quelles conditions la métaphysique peut-elle devenir une science transcendantale ? Une métaphysique nominaliste est-elle possible ? Comment naît le concept d'ontologie ?

Ethnicity in literature.

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Race in literature --- Ethnicity in literature

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Even though universities and colleges make a concerted effort to foster unity and worldwide acceptance of different ethnicities by including politically correct literature in their curriculums, their attempts to protect students from being exposed to texts that portray discrimination and exhibit racial insensitivity are futile and ill-advised. Texts that contain biases based on otherness continue to be written and those produced in the past remain relevant and still demand the attention of an audience of reader. In order to see the full picture of the world in which they live, students must face even that which is uncomfortable and disturbing. To think otherwise is to create and academic environment that is totally idealistic and distorts the fact that ethnic discrimination has been a potent reality in every society in history and remains so today. These studies in this volume allow readers to meet writers from the traditional American and European canon while also being exposed to third world writers whose work may be unfamiliar. They include memoirs of Holocaust survivors and even record the silencing of Italian women, Apartheid in South Africa and tribal conflict in Nigeria as well as transplanted Asian culture in Canada and the idolization of the black body in Japan. The collection permits a viewing of the ethnic 'other' not merely in a politically correct way in which one samples the differences and nods approvingly. Rather its intent is to offer opportunities for contemplative assessment of authorial motives and goals, thereby engendering a wealth of understanding based on active engagement rather than passive acceptance of the status quo.

Discrimination in literature. --- Ethnicity in literature.

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The fourteen essays in this volume contribute significantly to a consideration of the interplay between nation and narration that currently dominates both literary and cultural studies. With the fervent reassertion of tribal domains throughout the world, and with the consequent threat to the stability of a common discourse in putative countries once mapped and subsequently dominated by colonizing powers, the need for such studies becomes increasingly obvious. Whose idea of a nation is to prevail throughout these postcolonial territories; whose claims to speak for a people are to be legitimized by international agreement; amid the demands of patriotic rhetoric, what role may be allowed for individual expression that attempts to transcend the immediate political agenda; who may assume positions of authority in defining an ethnic paradigm - such are the questions variously addressed in this volume. The essayists who here contribute to the discussion are students of the various national literatures that are now becoming more generally available in the West. The range of topics is broad - moving globally from the Caribbean and South America, through the African continent, and on to the Indian subcontinent, and moving temporally through the nineteenth century and into the closing days of our twentieth. We deal with poetry, fiction, and theoretical writings, and have two types of reader in mind: We hope to introduce the uninitiated to the breadth of this expanding field, and we hope to aid those with a specialized knowledge of one or other of these literatures in their consideration of the extent to which post-colonial writing may or may not form a reasonably unified field. We seek to avoid the new form of colonialism that might impose a theoretical template to these quite divergent writings, falsely rendering it all accessible and familiar. At the same time, we do note questions and concerns that cross borders, whether these imagined lines are spatial, temporal, gendered or racial.

Culture in literature --- Ethnicity in literature --- Nationalism and literature