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Italy's invasion of Ethiopia in 1935 marked a turning point in interwar Europe. The last great European colonial conquest in Africa, the conflict represented an enormous gamble for the Fascist dictator Benito Mussolini. He faced a challenge not only from a stout Ethiopian defence, but also from difficult logistics made worse by the League of Nations' half-hearted sanctions. Mussolini faced down this opposition, and Italian troops, aided by air superiority and liberal use of yprite gas, conquered Addis Ababa within eight months, a victory that shocked many military observers of the time with its speed and suddenness. The invasion had enormous repercussions on European international relations. In the midst of a national election campaign, the British National Government had felt constrained to support the League, despite fears that sanctions through the League could lead to war with Italy. The concentration of the Royal Navy in the Mediterranean Sea alienated Mussolini and placed the French government on the horns of dilemma; should France support its military partner, Italy, or its more important potential ally, Great Britain? French attempts to mark out a middle ground did little to placate the Duce, and the crisis seemed to develop a deep rift between Fascist Italy and the Anglo-French democracies, while at the same time creating a crisis in Anglo-French relations. Mussolini turned towards Nazi Germany in an attempt to end his diplomatic isolation during the sanctions episode, although Hitler considered the Duce's friendship a mixed blessing. The question of American adherence to sanctions increased ill will between British politicians and the Roosevelt administration in Washington, as each tended to blame the other for the failure of oil sanctions and the collapse of collective security. The international crisis posed similarly thorny problems for the smaller powers of Europe, and for Japan and the Soviet Union. The crisis impeded common defence against Fascist expansionism while giving impetus to claims of the revisionist powers. Despite the tremendous importance of the international crisis, however, little new work on the subject has appeared in recent decades. In this volume, an international cast of contributors take a fresh look at the crisis through the lens of new evidence and new approaches to international relations history to provide the most comprehensive coverage of the crisis currently possible, and their work provides new frames of reference for exploring imperialism, collective security and genocide.

Italo-Ethiopian War, 1935-1936. --- Italo-Ethiopian War, 1935-1936 --- Ethiopian-Italian War, 1935-1936 --- Diplomatic history.

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Fascism and the Catholic Church --- Italo-Ethiopian War, 1935-1936 --- Church and state --- Religious aspects --- Catholic Church. --- Catholic Church --- History --- 27 <45> "19" --- Christianity and state --- Separation of church and state --- State and church --- State, The --- Ethiopian-Italian War, 1935-1936 --- Catholic Church and fascism --- Kerkgeschiedenis--Italië--20e eeuw. Periode 1900-1999 --- Religious aspects&delete&

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Italo-Ethiopian War, 1935-1936 --- Labor movement --- American prose literature --- Rhetoric --- Anti-imperialist movements --- African diaspora. --- African Americans --- Ethiopian-Italian War, 1935-1936 --- Labor and laboring classes --- Social movements --- Language and languages --- Speaking --- Authorship --- Expression --- Literary style --- Anti-colonialism --- Antiimperialist movements --- Imperialism --- National liberation movements --- Black diaspora --- Diaspora, African --- Human geography --- Africans --- Afro-Americans --- Black Americans --- Colored people (United States) --- Negroes --- Ethnology --- Blacks --- Social aspects. --- History --- African American authors --- History and criticism. --- Political aspects --- Attitudes --- Race identity --- Migrations --- Haiti --- Ayiti --- Bohio --- Haichi --- Hayti --- Haytian Republic --- Quisqueya --- Repiblik Ayiti --- Repiblik d Ayiti --- Republic of Haiti --- République d'Haïti --- ハイチ --- هايتي --- Гаити --- Gaiti --- Saint-Domingue --- Black people --- Transatlantic slave trade

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Italo-Ethiopian War, 1935-1936 --- Ethiopian-Italian War, 1935-1936 --- Templewood, Samuel John Gurney Hoare 1st Viscount --- Italy --- Claims vs. Ethiopia. --- Italo-Ethiopian War, 1935-1936. --- Templewood, Samuel John Gurney Hoare, --- Hoare, Samuel John Gurney, --- Hoare, Samuel, --- Italia --- Italian Republic (1946- ) --- Italianska republika --- Italʹi︠a︡nskai︠a︡ Rėspublika --- Italie --- Italien --- Italii︠a︡ --- Italii︠a︡ Respublikasi --- Italiĭsʹka Respublika --- Itālija --- Itālijas Republika --- Italijos Respublika --- Italikē Dēmokratia --- Īṭāliyā --- Italiya Respublikasi --- It'allia --- It'allia Konghwaguk --- İtalya --- İtalya Cumhuriyeti --- Iṭalyah --- Iṭalye --- Itaria --- Itaria Kyōwakoku --- Jumhūrīyah al-Īṭālīyah --- Kgl. Italienische Regierung --- Königliche Italienische Regierung --- Laško --- Lýðveldið Ítalía --- Olasz Köztársaság --- Olaszország --- Regno d'Italia (1861-1946) --- Repubblica italiana (1946- ) --- Republiḳah ha-Iṭalḳit --- Włochy --- Yidali --- Yidali Gongheguo --- Ιταλική Δημοκρατία --- Ιταλία --- Итальянская Республика --- Италианска република --- Италия --- Италия Республикаси --- Італьянская Рэспубліка --- Італія --- Італійська Республіка --- איטאליע --- איטליה --- רפובליקה האיטלקית --- إيطاليا --- جمهورية الإيطالية --- イタリア --- イタリア共和国 --- 意大利 --- 意大利共和国 --- 이탈리아 --- 이탈리아 공화국 --- Sardinia (Italy)

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With the Japanese posing as the leader of the world's colored peoples before World War II, many Ethiopians turned to Japan for inspiration. By offering them commercial opportunities, by seeking their military support, and by reaching out to popular Japanese opinion, Ethiopians tried to soften the stark reality of a stronger Italy encroaching on their country. Europeans feared Japan's growing economic and political influence in the colonial world. Jealously guarding its claimed rights in Ethiopia against all comers, among Italy's reasons for going to war was the perceived need to blunt Japan's commercial and military advances into Northeast Africa. Meanwhile, throughout 1934 and the summer of 1935, Moscow worked hard and in ways contrary to its claimed ideological imperatives to make Collective Security work. Ethiopia was a small price to pay Italy for cooperation against Nazi Germany in Austria and Imperial Japan in China. 'Yellow' Japanese and 'black' Ethiopian collaboration before the war illuminates the pernicious and flexible use of race in international diplomacy. In odious terms, Italians used race to justify their actions as defending western and 'white' civilization. The Japanese used race to explain their tilt toward Ethiopia. The Soviets used race to justify their support for Italy until late 1935. Ethiopia used race to attract help, and 'colored' peoples worldwide rallied to Ethiopia's call. J. Calvitt Clarke III is Professor Emeritus of History at Jacksonville University, Florida.

Italo-Ethiopian War, 1935-1936. --- Ethiopian-Italian War, 1935-1936 --- Ethiopia --- Japan --- Abesinija --- Abesiniye --- Abessinien --- Abisinia --- Abissinia --- Abissinii︠a︡ --- Abisynja --- Abyssinia --- Aethiopia --- Alta Ætiopia --- Äthiopien --- Avēssynia --- Demokratische Bundesrepublik Äthiopien --- Ėfiopii︠a︡ --- Empire of Ethiopia --- Éthiopie --- Etiopia --- Etiopie --- Eṭiopiye --- Etiyopiyah --- Etiyopyah --- Etʻovpia --- Etyopiyah --- Etyopyah --- Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia --- Federazione etiopica --- Gouvernement impérial d'Éthiopie --- Ḥabash --- Hạbashah --- ʼIḤeDeRi --- Imperial Ethiopian Government --- Ityop --- Ityop'iya Federalawi Demokrasiyawi Ripeblik --- Ityopp'ya --- ʼItyoṗyā --- Motumā céhumsa ʼItyopyā --- People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia --- Provisional Military Government of Ethiopia --- Provisional Military Government of Socialist Ethiopia --- Repubblica democratica federale d'Etiopia --- República Democrática Federal de Etiopía --- République fédérale démocratique d'Éthiopie --- Transitional Government of Ethiopia --- YaH̲ebratasabʼāwit ʼItyoṗyā gizéyāwi watādarāwi mangeśt --- YaʼItyoṗyā ḥezbāwi dimokrāsiyāwi ripublik --- YaʼItyopyā mangeśt --- YaʼItyoṗyā ne. na. mangeśt --- YaʼItyoṗyā neguśa nagaśt mangeśt --- YaʼItyop̣ya yašegeger mangeśt --- Ye-Ityopp'ya Federalawi Dimokrasiyawi Ripeblik --- YeĪtyopʼiya Fēdēralawī Dēmokrasīyawī Rīpeblīk --- エチオピア --- Echiopia --- Ethiopia (Territory under British occupation, 1941-1942) --- Reserved Areas of Ethiopia (Territory under British occupation, 1942-1955) --- al-Yābān --- Giappone --- Government of Japan --- Iapōnia --- I︠A︡ponii︠a︡ --- Japam --- Japani --- Japão --- Japon --- Japonia --- Japonsko --- Japonya --- Jih-pen --- Mư̄ang Yīpun --- Nihon --- Nihon-koku --- Nihonkoku --- Nippon --- Nippon-koku --- Nipponkoku --- Prathēt Yīpun --- Riben --- State of Japan --- Yābān --- Yapan --- Yīpun --- Zhāpān --- Япония --- اليابان --- يابان --- 日本 --- 日本国 --- Foreign relations --- Relations --- YaʼI.Fé.De.Ri. --- IFeDeRi --- Jepun --- Yapon --- Yapon Ulus --- I︠A︡pon --- Япон --- I︠A︡pon Uls --- Япон Улс