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The idea of punishment after death-whereby the souls of the wicked are consigned to Hell (Gehenna, Gehinnom, or Jahannam)-emerged out of beliefs found across the Mediterranean, from ancient Egypt to Zoroastrian Persia, and became fundamental to the Abrahamic religions. Once Hell achieved doctrinal expression in the New Testament, the Talmud, and the Qur'an, thinkers began to question Hell's eternity, and to consider possible alternatives-hell's rivals. Some imagined outright escape, others periodic but temporary relief within the torments. One option, including Purgatory and, in the Eastern Orthodox tradition, the Middle State, was to consider the punishments to be temporary and purifying. Despite these moral and theological hesitations, the idea of Hell has remained a historical and theological force until the present.In Hell and Its Rivals, Alan E. Bernstein examines an array of sources from within and beyond the three Abrahamic faiths-including theology, chronicles, legal charters, edifying tales, and narratives of near-death experiences-to analyze the origins and evolution of belief in Hell. Key social institutions, including slavery, capital punishment, and monarchy, also affected the afterlife beliefs of Jews, Christians, and Muslims. Reflection on hell encouraged a stigmatization of "the other" that in turn emphasized the differences between these religions. Yet, despite these rivalries, each community proclaimed eternal punishment and answered related challenges to it in similar terms. For all that divided them, they agreed on the need for-and fact of-Hell.

Hell --- Endless punishment --- Eternal punishment --- Everlasting punishment --- Hades --- Sheol --- Future life --- Future punishment --- Damned --- Judaism --- History of doctrines --- Islam --- Christianity

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The imagery of Hell, the Christian account of the permanent destinations of the human soul after death, has fascinated people over the centuries since the emergence of the Christian faith. These landmark volumes provide the first large-scale investigation of this imagery found across the Byzantine and post-Byzantine world. Particular emphasis is placed on images from churches across Venetian Crete, which are comprehensively collected and published for the first time. Crete was at the centre of artistic production in the late Byzantine world and beyond and its imagery was highly influential on traditions in other regions. The Cretan examples accompany rich comparative material from the wider Mediterranean - Cappadocia, Macedonia, the Peloponnese and Cyprus. The large amount of data presented in this publication highlight Hell's emergence in monumental painting not as a concrete array of images, but as a diversified mirroring of social perceptions of sin.

Hell --- Byzantine antiquities. --- Hell in art. --- Christianity --- History of doctrines --- Antiquities, Byzantine --- Antiquities --- Christian antiquities --- Endless punishment --- Eternal punishment --- Everlasting punishment --- Hades --- Sheol --- Future life --- Future punishment --- Damned

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Future punishment --- Hell --- 236.4 --- Endless punishment --- Eternal punishment --- Everlasting punishment --- Hades --- Sheol --- Future life --- Damned --- Punishment --- Retribution --- 236.4 Hel. Gehenna. Eeuwigdurende straf. Verdoemden. Louterend vuur --- Hel. Gehenna. Eeuwigdurende straf. Verdoemden. Louterend vuur --- Religious aspects --- Religious studies

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Judgment Day --- Hell --- Poetry. --- -Judgment Day --- -Day of Judgment --- Day of the Lord (Judgment Day) --- Doomsday --- Final judgment (Judgment Day) --- General judgment --- Judgment, Last --- Last Judgment --- End of the world --- Judgment of God --- Second Advent --- Endless punishment --- Eternal punishment --- Everlasting punishment --- Hades --- Sheol --- Future life --- Future punishment --- Damned --- Poetry --- -Poetry --- Day of Judgment --- Judgment Day - Poetry. --- Hell - Poetry.

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The Muslim afterworld, with its imagery rich in sensual promises, has shaped Western perceptions of Islam for centuries. However, to date, no single study has done justice to the full spectrum of traditions of thinking about the topic in Islamic history. The Muslim hell, in particular, remains a little studied subject. This book, which is based on a wide array of carefully selected Arabic and Persian texts, covers not only the theological and exegetical but also the philosophical, mystical, topographical, architectural and ritual aspects of the Muslim belief in paradise and hell, in both the Sunni and the Shiʿi world. By examining a broad range of sources related to the afterlife, Christian Lange shows that Muslim religious literature, against transcendentalist assumptions to the contrary, often pictures the boundary between this world and the otherworld as being remarkably thin, or even permeable.

Islamic eschatology --- Paradise --- Future punishment --- Islam --- Islamic eschatology. --- Paradise (Islam) --- Eschatology, Islamic --- Muslim eschatology --- Islam: theologie; doctrine --- 297.12 Islam: theologie; doctrine --- HISTORY / World. --- Eschatologie islamique --- Islam. --- 297.12 --- Endless punishment --- Eternal punishment --- Everlasting punishment --- Heaven --- Future life --- Punishment --- Retribution --- Eschatology --- Religious aspects