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On escalation : metaphors and scenarios
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Year: 1965 Publisher: New York : Praeger,

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Southern Africa : the escalation of a conflict : a politico-military study
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ISBN: 0275568407 Year: 1976 Publisher: New York : Praeger,

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Book
Deterrence and Escalation in Competition with Russia : The Role of Ground Forces in Preventing Hostile Measures below Armed Conflict in Europe.
Authors: --- --- --- --- --- et al.
Year: 2022 Publisher: Santa Monica : RAND Corporation, The,

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The deterrence of armed conflict has been studied intensively for decades, as have escalation dynamics along the path to such conflicts. The deterrence of forms of aggression below the level of armed conflict — such hostile measures as economic coercion, political subversion, and military intimidation — has received much less attention. In this report, the authors investigate how the United States might use its military posture in Europe (specifically, ground forces) as part of a strategy to deter these Russian malign activities. The authors identify how forward posture could deter hostile measures through signaling the United States' commitment to its allies and partners, providing irregular capabilities for those partners and allies threatened with political subversion, providing conventional capabilities to neutralize hostile powers' coercion attempts, and providing support for other instruments of U.S. power, such as sanctions. However, forward posture can also lead to an escalation in competitor activities, increasing their sense of threat, incentivizing partners to undertake aggression at levels below armed conflict, and incentivizing third parties to act in ways that increase the likelihood of confrontation. The authors propose ways to calibrate U.S. forward posture to minimize such risks while enhancing deterrence. An Executive Summary of this report is also available.

Escalation and negotiation in international conflicts
Authors: --- ---
ISBN: 9780521856645 0521856647 0521672619 9780521672610 9780511550584 0511550588 Year: 2005 Publisher: Cambridge : Cambridge University Press,

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How can an escalation of conflict lead to negotiation? In this systematic study, Zartman and Faure bring together European and American scholars to examine this important topic and to define the point where the concepts and practices of escalation and negotiation meet. Political scientists, sociologists, social psychologists, and war-making and peace-making strategists, among others, examine the various forms escalation can take and relate them to conceptual advances in the analysis of negotiation. They argue that structures, crises, turning points, demands, readiness and ripeness can often define the conditions where the two concepts can meet and the authors take this opportunity to offer lessons for theory and practice. By relating negotiation to conflict escalation, two processes that have traditionally been studied separately, this book fills a significant gap in the existing knowledge and is directly relevant to the many ongoing conflicts and conflict patterns in the world today.

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