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Water is increasingly becoming a limiting factor for sustainable economic growth and development in many countries. Its allocation has significant impacts on overall economic efficiency, particularly with growing physical scarcity in certain regions. Greater water supply variability further increases vulnerability in affected regions. Water also has become a strategic resource involving conflicts among those who may be affected differently by various policies. This paper analyzes various policy interventions aimed at improving water allocation decisions, using a novel approach that incorporates macro and micro level considerations in a unified analytical framework. The framework facilitates assessment of various linkages among policies and their impacts within individual sectors and economy-wide. Drawing on country based studies in Morocco, South Africa, Turkey, and Mexico, the analysis reveals difficult tradeoffs among various policy objectives, including priorities placed on different sectors, regional advantages, and general economic efficiency gains versus broader social impacts. The comparison of policy impacts demonstrates the usefulness of the framework in information that policy makers can use to rank the policy interventions according to the emphasis placed on different policy objectives. The paper also compares approaches used in other studies that apply computable general equilibrium models in various contexts of water, environment and agriculture.

Energy --- Environment --- General equilibrium analysis --- Sustainable development --- Town Water Supply and Sanitation --- Water and Industry --- Water Conservation --- Water resource allocation --- Water Supply and Sanitation Governance and Institutions --- Water Supply and Systems

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This paper presents a general equilibrium model for the production, trafficking, and consumption of illegal drugs which endogenously determines relative prices and quantities. The model is calibrated to characterize the market for cocaine and is used to analyze the effects of three types of policies: making the illegal activities riskier, increasing the penalties for conducting illegal activities, and legalizing previously illegal activities. Assessing the effects of these policies using the powerful tool of a general equilibrium model provides illuminating (and in cases surprising) results.

Consumers --- Consumption --- Currencies and Exchange Rates --- Debt Markets --- Economic Theory and Research --- Equilibrium --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- General Equilibrium Analysis --- Government expenditures --- Growth rate --- Macroeconomics --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Markets and Market Access --- Optimization --- Production function --- Production functions --- Utility function

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Worldwide, electricity systems are evolving to adapt to a low-carbon economy in which increasingly more renewable energy resources are being integrated. These changes, in turn, make the development of new methods, tools, and approaches to deal with the operation and planning of electricity systems necessary. On the other hand, new regulations must be developed in order to deal with a wide integration of renewable and distributed energy resources, both from a generation and a network (transmission and distribution) perspective. Furthermore, the natural gas sector is going through significant transformation related mainly to both technological advances and strategic policy decisions. While there is great uncertainty in the future of natural gas within the global energy matrix, it is clear that it will play a major role during the next years as a bridge fuel towards a decarbonized economy. In this context, natural gas systems are undergoing deep transformations, necessitating the development of new tools to operate and plan gas systems as well as new approaches to regulate them. This book, therefore, seeks to contribute to the energy transformation agenda through original contributions focused on both power and natural gas systems, addressing innovative operation and planning methods as well as regulation of both energy systems.

History of engineering & technology --- industrial park integrated energy system --- expansion planning --- natural gas price uncertainty --- regret aversion --- min–max regret value --- distributed solar PV --- financial analysis --- net-energy metering --- investor-owned utility --- earnings --- return on equity --- retail rates --- ratepayer bills --- natural-gas market --- electricity market --- equilibrium analysis --- gas markets --- game theory-Cournot model --- records theory --- entropy --- information theory --- electricity markets --- feasible operation --- medium-term representation --- optimization models --- power systems --- thermal generation --- unit commitment --- portfolio --- portfolio management --- risk --- risk assessment --- energy trading --- power purchase agreements --- PPA --- copula --- wholesale electricity markets --- market design --- bidding formats --- pricing rules --- renewable energy sources --- day-ahead electricity markets --- electricity price forecasting --- fundamental-econometric models --- market structural breaks

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Subsidies and cross-subsidies in the energy sector are common throughout Eastern Europe and Central Asia. In Belarus, revenues from an industrial tariff on electricity are used to cross-subsidize heating for households. Input-output (IO) data and a household consumption survey are used to analyze the distributional impacts of this cross-subsidization. This paper illustrates cost shares and electricity-intensity of different sectors and consumption categories and uses the IO data to obtain first-order estimates of the distributional incidence of policy reform. The paper then analyzes distributional impacts of subsidy reform with a Computable General Equilibrium model. Although poorer households benefit from reduced heating costs, the increase in prices of other consumer goods due to higher electricity prices more than offsets the benefits they receive from the subsidies. The analysis finds that the current cross-subsidies are regressive, and policy reform would be highly progressive.

Agriculture --- Approach --- Banking --- Benchmark --- Benchmark data --- Capital --- Capital returns --- Commodities --- Commodity --- Communication --- Competition --- Consumer demand --- Consumer good --- Consumer goods --- Consumer groups --- Consumer prices --- Consumers --- Consumption --- Cost increase --- Cost of electricity --- Cost of funds --- Costs --- Customer --- Customers --- Demand --- Developing economy --- Development policy --- Distribution --- District heating --- Domestic market --- Domestic price --- Economic cooperation --- Economic development --- Economic statistics --- Economic systems --- Economic theory & research --- Economics literature --- Elasticity --- Elasticity of substitution --- Electricity --- Electricity prices --- Emerging markets --- Energy --- Energy price --- Energy prices --- Energy production and transportation --- Equilibrium --- Equilibrium analysis --- Equilibrium price --- Equilibrium prices --- Exchange --- Expenditure --- Expenditures --- Export market --- Exports --- Externalities --- Factors of production --- Foreign exchange --- Fossil --- Fossil fuel --- Fuel --- Fuels --- Functional forms --- General equilibrium analysis --- Goods --- Heat --- Household analysis --- Income --- Income group --- Income groups --- Income levels --- Incomes --- Inputs --- Intermediate goods --- International markets --- Inventory --- Macroeconomics and economic growth --- Marginal cost --- Market --- Markets --- Markets & market access --- Multipliers --- Natural resources --- Oil --- Oil products --- Optimization --- Output --- Outputs --- Payments --- Perfect competition --- Price --- Price change --- Price changes --- Price index --- Price levels --- Prices --- Pricing --- Pricing policy --- Pricing scheme --- Private sector development --- Product --- Production --- Production costs --- Production function --- Production functions --- Production increases --- Production of coke --- Production structure --- Products --- Rate of return --- Real estate --- Rent --- Residential energy --- Revenue --- Savings --- Share --- Shares --- Subsidies --- Subsidization --- Subsidy --- Substitute --- Substitutes --- Substitution --- Supply --- Supply costs --- Tariff --- Tax --- Tax rate --- Tax rates --- Taxes --- Theory --- Total output --- Trade --- Transition economies --- Transport --- Transport economics policy and planning --- Trends --- Utility --- Utility functions --- Value --- Value added --- Variables --- Wealth --- Welfare

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Worldwide, electricity systems are evolving to adapt to a low-carbon economy in which increasingly more renewable energy resources are being integrated. These changes, in turn, make the development of new methods, tools, and approaches to deal with the operation and planning of electricity systems necessary. On the other hand, new regulations must be developed in order to deal with a wide integration of renewable and distributed energy resources, both from a generation and a network (transmission and distribution) perspective. Furthermore, the natural gas sector is going through significant transformation related mainly to both technological advances and strategic policy decisions. While there is great uncertainty in the future of natural gas within the global energy matrix, it is clear that it will play a major role during the next years as a bridge fuel towards a decarbonized economy. In this context, natural gas systems are undergoing deep transformations, necessitating the development of new tools to operate and plan gas systems as well as new approaches to regulate them. This book, therefore, seeks to contribute to the energy transformation agenda through original contributions focused on both power and natural gas systems, addressing innovative operation and planning methods as well as regulation of both energy systems.

History of engineering & technology --- industrial park integrated energy system --- expansion planning --- natural gas price uncertainty --- regret aversion --- min–max regret value --- distributed solar PV --- financial analysis --- net-energy metering --- investor-owned utility --- earnings --- return on equity --- retail rates --- ratepayer bills --- natural-gas market --- electricity market --- equilibrium analysis --- gas markets --- game theory-Cournot model --- records theory --- entropy --- information theory --- electricity markets --- feasible operation --- medium-term representation --- optimization models --- power systems --- thermal generation --- unit commitment --- portfolio --- portfolio management --- risk --- risk assessment --- energy trading --- power purchase agreements --- PPA --- copula --- wholesale electricity markets --- market design --- bidding formats --- pricing rules --- renewable energy sources --- day-ahead electricity markets --- electricity price forecasting --- fundamental-econometric models --- market structural breaks --- industrial park integrated energy system --- expansion planning --- natural gas price uncertainty --- regret aversion --- min–max regret value --- distributed solar PV --- financial analysis --- net-energy metering --- investor-owned utility --- earnings --- return on equity --- retail rates --- ratepayer bills --- natural-gas market --- electricity market --- equilibrium analysis --- gas markets --- game theory-Cournot model --- records theory --- entropy --- information theory --- electricity markets --- feasible operation --- medium-term representation --- optimization models --- power systems --- thermal generation --- unit commitment --- portfolio --- portfolio management --- risk --- risk assessment --- energy trading --- power purchase agreements --- PPA --- copula --- wholesale electricity markets --- market design --- bidding formats --- pricing rules --- renewable energy sources --- day-ahead electricity markets --- electricity price forecasting --- fundamental-econometric models --- market structural breaks