Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

Bladder cancer is the second most common genitourinary malignancy, with 81,190 estimated new diagnoses in 2018, in the United States alone. Transurethral resection of the bladder and radical cystectomy with bilateral pelvic lymph node dissection constitute the standard treatment for non-muscle invasive or very high-risk non-muscle invasive bladder cancer, respectively. However, survival expectations have not shown to improve in the last 20 years, and new diagnostic and therapeutic tools are urgently needed to improve the outcomes of this potentially lethal disease.

Medicine --- bladder cancer --- robotic-assisted --- open --- radical cystectomy --- survival --- propensity score --- age --- urothelial carcinoma --- outcome --- anesthesia recovery periods --- cognitive impairment --- gamma-cyclodextrins --- neuromuscular blockade --- robotic radical cystectomy --- glycogen --- clear-cell adenocarcinoma --- urinary bladder --- SEER program database --- female --- intracorporeal neobladder --- outcomes --- robotic --- sex-sparing --- methylation --- biomarkers --- FOXA1 --- GATA3 --- KRT20 --- molecular markers --- mRNA --- muscle-invasive bladder cancer --- PCR --- human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 --- indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase --- programmed death ligand-1 --- immunotherapy --- nodal disease --- pN1 --- neoadjuvant --- adjuvant --- chemotherapy --- bladder cancer --- robotic-assisted --- open --- radical cystectomy --- survival --- propensity score --- age --- urothelial carcinoma --- outcome --- anesthesia recovery periods --- cognitive impairment --- gamma-cyclodextrins --- neuromuscular blockade --- robotic radical cystectomy --- glycogen --- clear-cell adenocarcinoma --- urinary bladder --- SEER program database --- female --- intracorporeal neobladder --- outcomes --- robotic --- sex-sparing --- methylation --- biomarkers --- FOXA1 --- GATA3 --- KRT20 --- molecular markers --- mRNA --- muscle-invasive bladder cancer --- PCR --- human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 --- indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase --- programmed death ligand-1 --- immunotherapy --- nodal disease --- pN1 --- neoadjuvant --- adjuvant --- chemotherapy

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

Bladder cancer is the second most common genitourinary malignancy, with 81,190 estimated new diagnoses in 2018, in the United States alone. Transurethral resection of the bladder and radical cystectomy with bilateral pelvic lymph node dissection constitute the standard treatment for non-muscle invasive or very high-risk non-muscle invasive bladder cancer, respectively. However, survival expectations have not shown to improve in the last 20 years, and new diagnostic and therapeutic tools are urgently needed to improve the outcomes of this potentially lethal disease.

Medicine --- bladder cancer --- robotic-assisted --- open --- radical cystectomy --- survival --- propensity score --- age --- urothelial carcinoma --- outcome --- anesthesia recovery periods --- cognitive impairment --- gamma-cyclodextrins --- neuromuscular blockade --- robotic radical cystectomy --- glycogen --- clear-cell adenocarcinoma --- urinary bladder --- SEER program database --- female --- intracorporeal neobladder --- outcomes --- robotic --- sex-sparing --- methylation --- biomarkers --- FOXA1 --- GATA3 --- KRT20 --- molecular markers --- mRNA --- muscle-invasive bladder cancer --- PCR --- human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 --- indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase --- programmed death ligand-1 --- immunotherapy --- nodal disease --- pN1 --- neoadjuvant --- adjuvant --- chemotherapy --- n/a

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

This Special Edition Issue on the “Pathogenesis and Treatment of Chronic Pruritus” contains an overview of various known causes of chronic pruritus and emerging therapeutics. Chronic pruritus is an itch that lasts longer than six weeks, and is associated with a variety of dermatologic, systemic, neurologic, and psychiatric etiologies. Itch negatively impacts patient quality of life, and has devastating psychosocial consequences. The manuscripts published in this Special Issue are also a showcase of the current understanding of the pathogenesis of chronic pruritus, along with its epidemiology, diagnostic workup, and therapeutic approaches used to treat chronic pruritus. A special focus is also placed on prurigo nodularis, a severely pruritic chronic inflammatory skin disease.

Medicine --- dupilumab --- IL-4 --- IL-13 --- pruritus --- chronic pruritus of unknown origin --- prurigo nodularis --- uremic pruritus --- lichen planus --- eosinophilic dermatosis of hematologic malignancy --- chronic pruritus --- mirtazapine --- chronic --- itch --- refractory --- treatment --- noradrenergic --- serotonergic --- antihistaminergic --- antidepressant --- skin --- atopic dermatitis --- ceramide --- pine tar --- drug-induced --- medication-related --- epidemiology --- inpatient --- disease burden --- national inpatient sample --- medical dermatology --- systematic review --- prurigo --- nodularis --- atopic --- dermatitis --- race --- gender --- comorbidities --- demographics --- pediatric --- children --- malignancy --- cancer --- neoplasm --- ion channels --- cell signaling --- Cav3.2 calcium channel --- RT-PCR --- wounds --- itch in wounds --- itch management --- aprepitant --- erlotinib --- EGFR --- epidermal growth factor receptor --- NK1R --- neurokinin1-receptor --- mycosis fungoides --- psoriasis --- associations --- lymphomatoid papulosis --- lymphoma --- racial differences --- nodular prurigo --- neuropathy --- therapeutic --- pathogenesis

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

This Special Edition Issue on the “Pathogenesis and Treatment of Chronic Pruritus” contains an overview of various known causes of chronic pruritus and emerging therapeutics. Chronic pruritus is an itch that lasts longer than six weeks, and is associated with a variety of dermatologic, systemic, neurologic, and psychiatric etiologies. Itch negatively impacts patient quality of life, and has devastating psychosocial consequences. The manuscripts published in this Special Issue are also a showcase of the current understanding of the pathogenesis of chronic pruritus, along with its epidemiology, diagnostic workup, and therapeutic approaches used to treat chronic pruritus. A special focus is also placed on prurigo nodularis, a severely pruritic chronic inflammatory skin disease.

Medicine --- dupilumab --- IL-4 --- IL-13 --- pruritus --- chronic pruritus of unknown origin --- prurigo nodularis --- uremic pruritus --- lichen planus --- eosinophilic dermatosis of hematologic malignancy --- chronic pruritus --- mirtazapine --- chronic --- itch --- refractory --- treatment --- noradrenergic --- serotonergic --- antihistaminergic --- antidepressant --- skin --- atopic dermatitis --- ceramide --- pine tar --- drug-induced --- medication-related --- epidemiology --- inpatient --- disease burden --- national inpatient sample --- medical dermatology --- systematic review --- prurigo --- nodularis --- atopic --- dermatitis --- race --- gender --- comorbidities --- demographics --- pediatric --- children --- malignancy --- cancer --- neoplasm --- ion channels --- cell signaling --- Cav3.2 calcium channel --- RT-PCR --- wounds --- itch in wounds --- itch management --- aprepitant --- erlotinib --- EGFR --- epidermal growth factor receptor --- NK1R --- neurokinin1-receptor --- mycosis fungoides --- psoriasis --- associations --- lymphomatoid papulosis --- lymphoma --- racial differences --- nodular prurigo --- neuropathy --- therapeutic --- pathogenesis --- dupilumab --- IL-4 --- IL-13 --- pruritus --- chronic pruritus of unknown origin --- prurigo nodularis --- uremic pruritus --- lichen planus --- eosinophilic dermatosis of hematologic malignancy --- chronic pruritus --- mirtazapine --- chronic --- itch --- refractory --- treatment --- noradrenergic --- serotonergic --- antihistaminergic --- antidepressant --- skin --- atopic dermatitis --- ceramide --- pine tar --- drug-induced --- medication-related --- epidemiology --- inpatient --- disease burden --- national inpatient sample --- medical dermatology --- systematic review --- prurigo --- nodularis --- atopic --- dermatitis --- race --- gender --- comorbidities --- demographics --- pediatric --- children --- malignancy --- cancer --- neoplasm --- ion channels --- cell signaling --- Cav3.2 calcium channel --- RT-PCR --- wounds --- itch in wounds --- itch management --- aprepitant --- erlotinib --- EGFR --- epidermal growth factor receptor --- NK1R --- neurokinin1-receptor --- mycosis fungoides --- psoriasis --- associations --- lymphomatoid papulosis --- lymphoma --- racial differences --- nodular prurigo --- neuropathy --- therapeutic --- pathogenesis

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

Conventional lung cancer treatments were once limited to surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy. However, gefitinib, a targeted drug, was launched in 2004, and the situation changed. Cancer cases that were highly responsive to gefitinib were later discovered to have epithelial growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations. This discovery opened the door for biomarker-based treatment strategies. Subsequently, several EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) were developed, and they became a new mainstay of treatment for non-small cell lung cancer. In recent years, many mechanisms of resistance to EGFR-TKI have been elucidated; a mutation in the T790M gene at exon 20 is found in half of the resistant cases. Hence, osimertinib, which specifically inhibits EGFR despite this T790M gene mutation, was developed to achieve long-term progression-free survival. Other driver mutations that are similar to the EGFR mutation were discovered, including the EML4-ALK fusion gene (discovered in 2007), ROS1 gene, and BRAF gene mutations. The TKIs for each of these fusion genes were developed and are used as therapeutic agents. Another advancement in advanced non-small cell lung cancer is the development of immune checkpoint inhibitors. Four PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors, including nivolumab, are currently available for treatment of lung cancer. These drugs prevent an escape from the cancer immunity cycle. This ensures that cancer cells will express cancer antigens, causing an anticancer immune response. Due to cancer immunotherapy, long-term survival is possible. The biomarker development for cancer immunotherapy and its side effects are actively being studied.

Medicine --- non-small cell lung cancer --- previously treated patients --- phase I/II trial --- chemotherapy --- docetaxel --- S-1 --- immunotherapy --- rechallenge --- retrospective analysis --- pulmonary pleomorphic carcinoma --- prognostic factor --- glucose transporter 1 --- lung cancer --- multiple cancers --- metastasis --- sequencing --- mutation --- genomic diagnosis --- FDG-PET --- immune checkpoint inhibitor --- PD-1 --- prognosis --- RAD51B methylation --- PD-L1 expression --- predictive biomarker --- PD-1 blockade --- interstitial lung disease --- pulmonary fibrosis --- radiology and other imaging --- non-small-cell lung cancer --- epidermal growth factor receptor --- tyrosine kinase inhibitors --- TP53 mutations --- responsiveness --- targeted therapy --- network meta-analysis --- stage IIIA-N2 --- surgery --- immune checkpoint inhibitors --- biomarker --- nonsmall cell lung cancer --- HIP1R --- PD-L1 --- RUNX1 --- methylation --- survival --- EGFR-TKI --- T790M --- osimertinib --- immune-related adverse events --- endocrine disorders --- tumor-bearing patients --- PD-1 inhibitors --- PD-L1 inhibitors --- meta-analysis --- nivolumab --- Expanded Access Program --- real-world data --- daily practice --- prognostic factors --- NSCLC --- KRAS --- DNA polymerase beta --- platinum-based first-line --- adjuvant chemotherapy --- β-catenin --- lung neoplasms --- nucleotide-diphosphate kinase --- recurrence --- unresectable --- salvage surgery --- oligometastasis