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Environmental Sciences --- General and Others --- development --- environment --- community --- organization --- environmental impacts --- ecology --- Environmental protection. Environmental technology --- Social geography

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The focus of this Element is on the environment and how it is implicated in children's development.A very broad array of social and physical features connected to children's home life and to the neighborhoods where children live, including multiple aspects of parenting, housing characteristics and the increased prevalence of media in daily life are addressed.Attention is also given to the broader social, economic, and geographic contexts in which children live, such as neighborhood surroundings and conditions in less developed countries.There is a focus on how various aspects of the home context (e.g., crowding) and key parental characteristics, such as mental illness and substance abuse problems, affect the behavior of parents. Consideration also given to how various forms of chaos and instability present challenges for parents and children and how those circumstances are implicated in both children's development and caregiver behavior.

Child development. --- Child development --- Child study --- Children --- Development, Child --- Developmental biology --- Social aspects. --- Development --- Child --- Environment --- Environmental Impact --- Environmental Impacts --- Impact, Environmental --- Impacts, Environmental --- Environments --- Environmental Health --- Minors

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Le maraîchage urbain est une source importante d'aliments frais, de légumes, de nutriments, d'emplois et de revenus pour les ménages dans les villes des pays en développement. La forte augmentation des populations urbaines a entraîné une augmentation de la demande de légumes frais. Cela, conjugué au nombre élevé de ravageurs qui attaquent les culturesa incité à intensifier le maraîchage urbain par les agriculteurs à l'aide de pesticides.
Cette étude, réalisée à Kuinima(Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso) a identifié les différentes cultures cultivées dans cette région, la plus commune étant la laitue. Il a également identifié les différents types de pesticides utilisés par les agriculteurs pour lutter contre les ravageurs. 
L'utilisation répétée et le non-respect des directives d'utilisation des pesticides entraînent la présence de résidus de pesticides dans l'environnement. Ces résidus ont conduit à la pollution des différents compartiments environnementaux. L'évaluation des risques posés par ces résidus a été effectuée avec le logiciel EPRIP, un logiciel développé pour être utilisé pour calculer les indicateurs de risque environnemental des pesticides
Les résultats montrent que le risque général pour l'environnement associé à l'utilisation de pesticides dans la culture de la laitue est moyen. Les menaces sont les plus élevées dans le compartiment des eaux souterraines et du sol, le compartiment d'air étant le plus menacé. Le risque varie d'un agriculteur à l'autre en fonction du taux d'application, de la fréquence, de l'intervalle, du type de pesticide et de la combinaison avec d'autres pesticides.Cet indicateur de risque pourrait changer à long terme de façon positive ou négative. Cela pourrait changer négativement si les bonnes pratiques agricoles ne sont pas respectées et dans le cas de stratégies inadéquates de lutte antiparasitaire. Cependant, cela pourrait changer positivement si les directives sur l'utilisation des pesticides sont respectées et si l'utilisation de pesticides chimiques est réduite au minimum. Urban gardening is an important supply of fresh food and vegetables, nutrients, jobs and income for the households in cities of developing countries. The high rise of urban populations has led to an increase in the demand of fresh vegetables. This, coupled with the high number of pests attacking crops, has incited the intensification of urban gardening by farmers through the use of pesticides. 
This study carried out at Kuinima (Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso) identified the different crops cultivated in this region, with the most common being lettuce. It also identified the different types of pesticides used by farmers to combat pests.
The repeated use and non-respect of the pesticide utilization guidelines results in the presence of pesticide residues in the environment. These residues may lead to the pollution of the different environmental compartments. The evaluation of the risks posed by these residues was carried out with the EPRIP software, which is a software developed to calculate pesticide environmental risk indicators. 
The results show that the overall risk to the environment associated with the use of pesticides in lettuce cultivation is medium. The threats are highest to the groundwater and soil compartment with the air compartment facing the least threat. The risk varies from one farmer to the other depending on the application rate, frequency, interval, type of pesticide and combination with other pesticides. This risk indicator could change in the long term either positively or negatively. It could change negatively if good agricultural practices are not respected and in the case of inadequate pest management strategies. However, it could change positively if pesticide use guidelines are respected and if the use of chemical pesticides is reduced to a minimum.

Jardinage urbain, pesticides, Kuinima, laitue, EPRIP, impacts environnementaux --- Urban gardening, pesticides, Kuinima, lettuce, EPRIP, environmental impacts --- Sciences du vivant > Sciences de l'environnement & écologie

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The aim of this thesis is to analyse the environmental impacts of transporting goods using different "traditional" means of transport, i.e., thermal vans and small trucks for the delivery of goods, and different types of cars for the collection of parcels by individuals. These vehicles will then be compared with more recent electric means of transport, namely cargo bikes and vans.
The first step of this thesis consists of a literature review to identify the most appropriate method to assess the harmful emissions related to the daily activities of a company. The Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) method was identified as such and was then used, once the most suitable software had been chosen. Two software packages, SimaPro and GaBi, were used, each with different features and offering a more in-depth analysis. A quick carbon footprint was also carried
out, limited to the CO2 emissions.
Secondly, an economic dimension was added by carrying out a cost analysis, for electric vehicles only, based on information collected from the transport partners of the City Line project, an urban logistics project for the "green" delivery of parcels in the city via electric vehicles.
The results of the two analyses, economic and environmental, were then compared to provide an
overview of the benefits of cargo bikes and electric vans.
The last step is the conclusion, offering possible solutions but also setting out the limits of the study
and proposing ideas for future research.

supply chain --- environmental impacts --- logistique --- cost price --- electric vehicles --- electric bikes --- Sciences économiques & de gestion > Production, distribution & gestion de la chaîne logistique

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Environmental policy --- Natural resources --- Environment --- Ecology --- Management --- Environmental management --- Ecology. --- Environment. --- Environmental Impact --- Environmental Impacts --- Impact, Environmental --- Impacts, Environmental --- Environments --- Environmental Science --- Bionomics --- Ecologies --- Environmental Sciences --- Science, Environmental --- Sciences, Environmental --- Environmental Health --- Environmental Psychology --- Conservation of Natural Resources --- Ecosystem