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This chapter explores global apparel consumption and its dependence on production supply chains in low-income countries where unsustainable and informal market practices are rampant. Recent life cycle studies of garments show that over 80 percent of environmental impact stems from the production phase of apparel. Up to 80 percent of this production is outsourced to the informal sector in developing countries. Besides the environmental impact, apparel manufacturing also affects sustainable development and includes many social issues related to poor working conditions and below living wages etc. Along with the growth of fast-fashion consumption, apparel production with its high dependence on low-income countries with coal-based energy sources, highly complex and untransparent industry structure with many tiers of suppliers, and the wide-spread use of informal market practices in the industry, is the reason why the environmental impact of the industry is accelerating rather than improving. Measures to mitigate the negative environmental and social impacts can spur a movement away from informal practices but can also risk moving informal practices further out in the tiers of the value chain and to domestic production, making such practices less transparent and the informally employed more vulnerable to lack of social security.

economic incentive policies; environmental regulation; heterodox economics;inclusive growth ; informal economy; pollution abating equipment; pollution fees; sustainable development; Sustainable Development Goals; the green economy

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This report surveys the brick kiln sector in three South Asian countries: Bangladesh, India, and Nepal, with particular focus on experiences and lessons learnt from Bangladesh, where data and information on the brick kiln industry and market conditions are most extensive, and where engagement of the donor community has been most consistent and widespread.

Air Pollution --- Air Quality and Clean Air --- Carbon Policy and Trading --- Climate Change --- Climate Change Impacts --- Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases --- Energy --- Energy and Environment --- Environment --- Environmental Regulation

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This chapter explores global apparel consumption and its dependence on production supply chains in low-income countries where unsustainable and informal market practices are rampant. Recent life cycle studies of garments show that over 80 percent of environmental impact stems from the production phase of apparel. Up to 80 percent of this production is outsourced to the informal sector in developing countries. Besides the environmental impact, apparel manufacturing also affects sustainable development and includes many social issues related to poor working conditions and below living wages etc. Along with the growth of fast-fashion consumption, apparel production with its high dependence on low-income countries with coal-based energy sources, highly complex and untransparent industry structure with many tiers of suppliers, and the wide-spread use of informal market practices in the industry, is the reason why the environmental impact of the industry is accelerating rather than improving. Measures to mitigate the negative environmental and social impacts can spur a movement away from informal practices but can also risk moving informal practices further out in the tiers of the value chain and to domestic production, making such practices less transparent and the informally employed more vulnerable to lack of social security.

Development economics & emerging economies --- Economics --- International economics --- economic incentive policies; environmental regulation; heterodox economics;inclusive growth ; informal economy; pollution abating equipment; pollution fees; sustainable development; Sustainable Development Goals; the green economy

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How toxic are the products we consume on a daily basis? Whether it's triclosan in toothpaste, formaldehyde in baby shampoo, endocrine disruptors in water bottles, or pesticides on strawberries, chemicals in food and personal care products are of increasing concern to consumers. This book chronicles how ordinary people try to avoid exposure to toxics in grocery store aisles using the practice of "precautionary consumption." Through an innovative analysis of environmental regulation, the advocacy work of environmental health groups, the expansion of the health-food chain Whole Foods Market, and interviews with consumers, Norah MacKendrick ponders why the problem of toxics in the U.S. retail landscape has been left to individual shoppers-and to mothers in particular. She reveals how precautionary consumption, or "green shopping," is a costly and time-intensive practice, one that is connected to cultural ideas of femininity and good motherhood but is also most available to upper- and middle-class households. Better Safe Than Sorry powerfully argues that precautionary consumption places a heavy and unfair burden of labor on women and does little to advance environmental justice or mitigate risk.

Consumer goods --- Product safety --- Women consumers --- Consumer behavior --- Safety measures. --- Psychology. --- avoiding exposure to toxins. --- chemicals in food. --- consumer concern. --- endocrine disruptors. --- environmental health groups. --- environmental justice. --- environmental regulation. --- female labor. --- formaldehyde. --- grocery stores. --- health food. --- individual shoppers. --- personal care products. --- poison. --- precautionary consumption. --- retail landscape. --- triclosan. --- unfair burden. --- united states. --- whole foods market.

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The focus of this reprint is on environmental planning and modeling. It examines articles on green consumption, biodiversity, and household waste recycling, as well as presenting a review of the trend in publications on household waste recycling. A number of country-based applications are presented and models are used to show how multiple perspectives can be considered in policy making. This reprint will be of special interest to researchers and readers involved in sustainability management. Further, although some chapters present models to solve sustainability problems, they also share policy and decision-making frameworks for applying such models.

Research & information: general --- Environmental economics --- bibliometric analysis --- bibliometrix --- household recycling --- research trends --- science mapping --- waste management --- analytic hierarchy process (AHP) --- ecosystem management --- expert opinion --- environmental planning and modeling --- rights-based tool --- multi-criteria decision making --- optimisation --- sustainability --- SWAT model --- water quality --- hydrology --- fertilizer application --- Songkhla Lake Basin --- green consumption --- environmental change --- environmental regulation --- social welfare --- APEX --- open-source software --- QGIS --- QAPEX --- best management practice --- LDC --- bibliometric analysis --- bibliometrix --- household recycling --- research trends --- science mapping --- waste management --- analytic hierarchy process (AHP) --- ecosystem management --- expert opinion --- environmental planning and modeling --- rights-based tool --- multi-criteria decision making --- optimisation --- sustainability --- SWAT model --- water quality --- hydrology --- fertilizer application --- Songkhla Lake Basin --- green consumption --- environmental change --- environmental regulation --- social welfare --- APEX --- open-source software --- QGIS --- QAPEX --- best management practice --- LDC