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Regulatory compliance is key in the fight against climate change and other environmental challenges. But regulatory agencies, especially in developing countries, are often hampered by their capacity to monitor and enforce standards and regulations against recalcitrant firms. There is now a big push toward self-reporting whereby the firms monitor and report on their compliance levels vis-a-vis the standards. This is seen as a way around the costs that agencies must incur if they were to scale up their inspections. In this paper, extensive firm-level data from India are used to compare the compliance level of firms when they are inspected by agencies versus the times when they self-report. Other factors that may determine regulatory compliance, such as age, size, sector, location, and so forth, are also examined. The results indicate that compliance rates are higher in the case of self-reporting than in the case of inspection, suggesting that there is a need to reform the self-report mechanism. Newer and privately owned firms are more compliant. There are also differences between complying with air and water pollution. Finally, the paper examines whether environmental monitoring through inspections leads to improvement in compliance levels, to assess the effectiveness of the regulations and inspections. The findings suggest that the increase in compliance is limited to a few industries.
Climate Change and Environment --- Climate Change Mitigation --- Development --- Environment --- Environmental Protection --- Environmental Regulation --- Inspection --- Pollution Control --- Pollution Management and Control --- Public Sector Development --- Regulatory Compliance --- Self-Reporting
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This chapter explores global apparel consumption and its dependence on production supply chains in low-income countries where unsustainable and informal market practices are rampant. Recent life cycle studies of garments show that over 80 percent of environmental impact stems from the production phase of apparel. Up to 80 percent of this production is outsourced to the informal sector in developing countries. Besides the environmental impact, apparel manufacturing also affects sustainable development and includes many social issues related to poor working conditions and below living wages etc. Along with the growth of fast-fashion consumption, apparel production with its high dependence on low-income countries with coal-based energy sources, highly complex and untransparent industry structure with many tiers of suppliers, and the wide-spread use of informal market practices in the industry, is the reason why the environmental impact of the industry is accelerating rather than improving. Measures to mitigate the negative environmental and social impacts can spur a movement away from informal practices but can also risk moving informal practices further out in the tiers of the value chain and to domestic production, making such practices less transparent and the informally employed more vulnerable to lack of social security.
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El Salvador, a small country with limited national resources, needs to grow through its main comparative advantage, which is its strong culture of competitive businesses. To do so, however, the government needs to ensure that the best affordable environmental management is in place to secure sustainable economic development. The benefits of further improvements to the environmental institutional and regulatory frameworks will be substantial not only to facilitate and sustain trade and infrastructure expansion, but in terms of preserving the natural resource base on which economic growth depends. Moreover, while DR-CAFTA is expected to bring new possibilities for investment and trade, the agreement will also raise the scrutiny and monitoring by El Salvador's trade partners regarding environmental compliance. Maintaining low compliance rates would add unnecessary friction and raise the regulatory risks for investing in the country.
Air Pollution --- Air Quality and Clean Air --- Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases --- Environment --- Environmental Economics and Policies --- Environmental Policy --- Environmental Regulation --- Pollution Management and Control --- Trade Liberalization --- Water Pollution --- Water Resource Management --- Water Resources Management --- Water Use
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This report surveys the brick kiln sector in three South Asian countries: Bangladesh, India, and Nepal, with particular focus on experiences and lessons learnt from Bangladesh, where data and information on the brick kiln industry and market conditions are most extensive, and where engagement of the donor community has been most consistent and widespread.
Air Pollution --- Air Quality and Clean Air --- Carbon Policy and Trading --- Climate Change --- Climate Change Impacts --- Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases --- Energy --- Energy and Environment --- Environment --- Environmental Regulation
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The European Union's Cohesion Policy is its biggest investment instrument. It supports the Europe 2020 strategy of smart, sustainable, and inclusive growth. With a budget of EUROS 351.8 billion for 2014-2020, the Cohesion Policy accounts for around one-third of the EU budget. The Cohesion Policy is primarily implemented through investments in EU regions and cities. Local and regional governments in the EU are responsible for more than half of all public investment. There is a growing focus on the importance of good governance to ensure effective implementation. The European Commission's 6th Cohesion Policy report notes that governance problems not only delay the implementation of Cohesion Policy programs but also reduce the impact of these investments. The report states: 'a lower standard of governance can affect the impact of Cohesion Policy both directly and indirectly. In the first place, it can reduce expenditure if programs fail to invest all the funding available. Secondly, it can lead to a less coherent or appropriate strategy for a country or region. Thirdly, it may lead to lower quality projects being selected for funding or to the best projects not applying for support at all. Fourthly, it may result in a lower leverage effect because the private sector is less willing to co-finance investment.' The purpose of this report is to develop and test a set of actionable indicators for the regulatory frameworks of EU regions. Deregulatory measures focusing on 'fixing broken regulations' are a necessary and important element of investment climate reforms. However, gains from one-off initiatives aimed at cutting costs and procedures are often reversed if the responsible institutions, tools, and incentives are not changed.
Agriculture --- Business Environment --- Environmental Regulation --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Financial Regulation and Supervision --- Food Safety --- Food Security --- Governance --- Governance Indicators --- Industrial Emissions --- Investment Climate --- National Governance --- Private Sector Development --- Public Sector Development --- Public Sector Management and Reform
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This chapter explores global apparel consumption and its dependence on production supply chains in low-income countries where unsustainable and informal market practices are rampant. Recent life cycle studies of garments show that over 80 percent of environmental impact stems from the production phase of apparel. Up to 80 percent of this production is outsourced to the informal sector in developing countries. Besides the environmental impact, apparel manufacturing also affects sustainable development and includes many social issues related to poor working conditions and below living wages etc. Along with the growth of fast-fashion consumption, apparel production with its high dependence on low-income countries with coal-based energy sources, highly complex and untransparent industry structure with many tiers of suppliers, and the wide-spread use of informal market practices in the industry, is the reason why the environmental impact of the industry is accelerating rather than improving. Measures to mitigate the negative environmental and social impacts can spur a movement away from informal practices but can also risk moving informal practices further out in the tiers of the value chain and to domestic production, making such practices less transparent and the informally employed more vulnerable to lack of social security.
Development economics & emerging economies --- Economics --- International economics --- economic incentive policies; environmental regulation; heterodox economics;inclusive growth ; informal economy; pollution abating equipment; pollution fees; sustainable development; Sustainable Development Goals; the green economy
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Environmental sciences --- Sciences de l'environnement --- Periodicals. --- Périodiques --- Ecology. --- Environmental sciences. --- Environmental Science --- Bionomics --- Ecologies --- Environmental Sciences --- Science, Environmental --- Sciences, Environmental --- Environmental science --- environmental sciences --- environmental regulation --- Environmental Psychology --- Conservation of Natural Resources --- Environmental Health --- Ecosystem --- Science --- Environmental law --- Environmental protection. Environmental technology
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How toxic are the products we consume on a daily basis? Whether it's triclosan in toothpaste, formaldehyde in baby shampoo, endocrine disruptors in water bottles, or pesticides on strawberries, chemicals in food and personal care products are of increasing concern to consumers. This book chronicles how ordinary people try to avoid exposure to toxics in grocery store aisles using the practice of "precautionary consumption." Through an innovative analysis of environmental regulation, the advocacy work of environmental health groups, the expansion of the health-food chain Whole Foods Market, and interviews with consumers, Norah MacKendrick ponders why the problem of toxics in the U.S. retail landscape has been left to individual shoppers-and to mothers in particular. She reveals how precautionary consumption, or "green shopping," is a costly and time-intensive practice, one that is connected to cultural ideas of femininity and good motherhood but is also most available to upper- and middle-class households. Better Safe Than Sorry powerfully argues that precautionary consumption places a heavy and unfair burden of labor on women and does little to advance environmental justice or mitigate risk.
Consumer goods --- Product safety --- Women consumers --- Consumer behavior --- Safety measures. --- Psychology. --- avoiding exposure to toxins. --- chemicals in food. --- consumer concern. --- endocrine disruptors. --- environmental health groups. --- environmental justice. --- environmental regulation. --- female labor. --- formaldehyde. --- grocery stores. --- health food. --- individual shoppers. --- personal care products. --- poison. --- precautionary consumption. --- retail landscape. --- triclosan. --- unfair burden. --- united states. --- whole foods market.
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The focus of this reprint is on environmental planning and modeling. It examines articles on green consumption, biodiversity, and household waste recycling, as well as presenting a review of the trend in publications on household waste recycling. A number of country-based applications are presented and models are used to show how multiple perspectives can be considered in policy making. This reprint will be of special interest to researchers and readers involved in sustainability management. Further, although some chapters present models to solve sustainability problems, they also share policy and decision-making frameworks for applying such models.
bibliometric analysis --- bibliometrix --- household recycling --- research trends --- science mapping --- waste management --- analytic hierarchy process (AHP) --- ecosystem management --- expert opinion --- environmental planning and modeling --- rights-based tool --- multi-criteria decision making --- optimisation --- sustainability --- SWAT model --- water quality --- hydrology --- fertilizer application --- Songkhla Lake Basin --- green consumption --- environmental change --- environmental regulation --- social welfare --- APEX --- open-source software --- QGIS --- QAPEX --- best management practice --- LDC --- n/a
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The focus of this reprint is on environmental planning and modeling. It examines articles on green consumption, biodiversity, and household waste recycling, as well as presenting a review of the trend in publications on household waste recycling. A number of country-based applications are presented and models are used to show how multiple perspectives can be considered in policy making. This reprint will be of special interest to researchers and readers involved in sustainability management. Further, although some chapters present models to solve sustainability problems, they also share policy and decision-making frameworks for applying such models.
Research & information: general --- Environmental economics --- bibliometric analysis --- bibliometrix --- household recycling --- research trends --- science mapping --- waste management --- analytic hierarchy process (AHP) --- ecosystem management --- expert opinion --- environmental planning and modeling --- rights-based tool --- multi-criteria decision making --- optimisation --- sustainability --- SWAT model --- water quality --- hydrology --- fertilizer application --- Songkhla Lake Basin --- green consumption --- environmental change --- environmental regulation --- social welfare --- APEX --- open-source software --- QGIS --- QAPEX --- best management practice --- LDC --- bibliometric analysis --- bibliometrix --- household recycling --- research trends --- science mapping --- waste management --- analytic hierarchy process (AHP) --- ecosystem management --- expert opinion --- environmental planning and modeling --- rights-based tool --- multi-criteria decision making --- optimisation --- sustainability --- SWAT model --- water quality --- hydrology --- fertilizer application --- Songkhla Lake Basin --- green consumption --- environmental change --- environmental regulation --- social welfare --- APEX --- open-source software --- QGIS --- QAPEX --- best management practice --- LDC
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