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The Inspection Panel, the World Bank's independent accountability mechanism, has released the third report in its Emerging Lessons Series. The latest report identifies lessons from Panel cases related to environmental assessment (EA) issues. The Panel is an impartial fact-finding body, independent from the World Bank management and staff, reporting directly to the Board. In response to complaints from affected people, it has a mandate to review projects funded by the World Bank, investigate allegations of harm to people or the environment and review whether the Bank followed its operational policies and procedures. Of the 34 cases the Panel has investigated since it was created by the Bank's Board of Executive Directors in 1993, 29 of them have involved environmental assessment issues. The Panel's EA report identifies seven lessons that can be learned from those cases, and reaches five major conclusions. The Panel's Emerging Lessons Series is meant to build institutional knowledge at the World Bank, enhance accountability and contribute to more effective development. The first two reports, on lessons from cases involving involuntary resettlement and indigenous peoples, were released in 2016. The fourth report in the series - on cases related to consultation, participation and disclosure of information - will be released in the fall of 2017.

Brown Issues and Health --- Environment --- Environment and Health --- Environmental Assessment --- Environmental Protection --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- Pollution Management & Control --- Sustainability

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This report, as part of the Groundswell Africa series, reaffirms the potency for climate change to drive internal migration in the Lake Victoria Basin. The results described in this report are based on the application of an enhanced version of the pioneering Groundswell model with a more granular analysis and additional features better placed to inform policy dialogue and action. Without concrete climate and development action, the five Lake Victoria Basin countries could see between 16.6 and 38.5 million people moving within their countries in response to water scarcity, declines in crop productivity and ecosystem productivity, and sea level rise, augmented by storm surge. The analysis also includes consideration of nonclimate factors. The countries will see an emergence of climate in- and climate out-migration hotspots, as early as 2030, but with continued spread and intensification by 2050. Concrete climate and development action could reduce the scale of internal climate migration across the Basin countries by 30 percent. No country in the Lake Victoria Basin is immune to internal climate migration, but there are differences among countries depending on their demographic, economic, and climate trends. Tanzania and Uganda are projected to have the highest numbers of internal climate migrants by 2050, reaching a high of 16.6 million and 12.0 million, respectively, under the pessimistic scenario (which combines high emissions with unequal development pathways). This will be followed by Kenya (7.6 million), Rwanda (1.2 million), and Burundi (1.0 million). This report presents the Migration and Climate-informed Solutions (MACS) framework that brings together domains of action, buttressed by core policy areas, to reduce the scale of climate-induced migration, usher in social and economic transformations, and reduce vulnerabilities. This anticipatory approach will ensure that the countries in the Basin are braced not just for the challenges but have the readiness to harness the opportunities of internal climate migration. The urgency to reduce greenhouse gases remains paramount to reduce the scale of climate impacts that could otherwise drive increased levels of climate migration - the window of opportunity is rapidly narrowing.

Climate Change --- Climate Change and Environment --- Climate Change Impacts --- Demographics --- Environment --- Environment and Health --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- Migration --- Poverty Reduction --- Social Aspects of Climate Change --- Social Development

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Air pollution is a significant problem in cities and urban centers in the Republic of North Macedonia. This report is one in a series of three reports on air quality management (AQM) in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, and North Macedonia. It examines the nature and magnitude of ambient air pollution (AAP) in North Macedonia. It provides estimates of the health burden, and economic cost associated with the health impacts, of AAP, that is, particulate matter with a diameter of 2.5 micrometers or less (PM2.5) in North Macedonia. It also analyzes the roles of various sources of PM2.5 emissions on ambient air quality in North Macedonia at the national level. The institutional and policy framework for AQM in the country is examined, including contributions of other development institutions in supporting North Macedonia's efforts to address air pollution. Furthermore, the report presents experiences of selected countries that have applied different policy, investment, and technical interventions for air pollution, prevention, reduction, and abatement. Finally, it provides recommendations for reducing air pollution in North Macedonia. People in North Macedonia and living in the Balkans and Eastern Europe are typically breathing more toxic particulate air pollution than their neighbors in Western Europe. This is due to fewer air pollution reduction policies and more solid fuel heating and cooking (meaning many more residential wood and coal stoves) in Eastern European and Balkan countries compared to the rest of Europe. Western Europe has mostly moved away from coal-fired power plants (or at least has pledged to reduce coal consumption to meet climate goals), but in the Balkans and in Eastern Europe they are still widely in use. In fact, the Balkan region is home to many coal and lignite-fired units and to 7 of the 10 most polluting coal-fired power stations in Europe.

Air Pollution --- Air Quality --- Air Quality and Clean Air --- Biodiversity --- Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases --- Environment --- Environment and Health --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- Mortality --- Particulate Matter --- Pollution Management and Control

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The Cost of Air Pollution: Strengthening the economic case for action, a joint study of the World Bank and the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME), seeks to estimate the costs of premature deaths related to air pollution, to strengthen the case for action and facilitate decision making in the context of scarce resources. An estimated 5.5 million lives were lost in 2013 to diseases associated with outdoor and household air pollution, causing human suffering and reducing economic development. Those deaths cost the global economy about USD 225 billion in lost labor income in 2013 and more than USD 5 trillion in welfare losses, pointing toward the economic burden of air pollution.

Air Pollution --- Air Quality & Clean Air --- Brown Issues and Health --- Climate Change and Health --- Environment --- Environment and Health --- Environment and Natural Resource Management --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- Indoor Air Pollution --- Life Expectancy --- Pollution Management & Control --- Pollution Management and Environmental Health

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Human geography --- Human ecology --- Well-being --- Well-being. --- Welfare (Personal well-being) --- Wellbeing --- Quality of life --- Happiness --- Health --- Wealth --- wellbeing --- geography --- spatial --- environment and health --- social determinants --- Human geography. --- Human ecology. --- Ecology --- Environment, Human --- Human beings --- Human environment --- Ecological engineering --- Nature --- Anthropo-geography --- Anthropogeography --- Geographical distribution of humans --- Social geography --- Anthropology --- Geography --- Social aspects --- Effect of environment on --- Effect of human beings on --- Environment Design --- Geography, Medical --- Geomedicine --- Nosogeography --- Medical Geography --- Design, Environment --- Healthy Places --- Designs, Environment --- Environment Designs --- Healthy Place