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In medieval Europe hostages were given, not taken. They were a means of guarantee used to secure transactions ranging from treaties to wartime commitments to financial transactions. In principle, the force of the guarantee lay in the threat to the life of the hostage if the agreement were broken but, while violation of agreements was common, execution of hostages was a rarity. Medieval hostages are thus best understood not as simple pledges, but as a political institution characteristic of the medieval millennium, embedded in its changing historical contexts. In the Early Middle Ages, hostageship was principally seen in warfare and diplomacy, operating within structures of kinship and practices of alliance characteristic of elite political society. From the eleventh century, hostageship diversified, despite the spread of a legal and financial culture that would seem to have made it superfluous. Hostages in the Middle Ages traces the development of this institution from Late Antiquity through the period of the Hundred Years War, across Europe and the Mediterranean World. It explores the logic of agreements, the identity of hostages, and the conditions of their confinement, while shedding light on a wide range of subjects, from sieges and treaties, to captivity and ransom, to the Peace of God and the Crusades, to the rise of towns and representation, to political communication and shifting gender dynamics. The book closes by examining the reasons for the decline of hostageship in the Early Modern era, and the rise the modern variety of hostageship that was addressed by the Nuremberg tribunals and the United Nations in the twentieth century.

History of Europe --- anno 500-1499 --- Hostages --- International relations --- Political kidnapping --- Diplomacy --- Political culture --- Otages --- Relations internationales --- Enlèvement politique --- Diplomatie --- Culture politique --- History --- Histoire --- Enlèvement politique --- Prisonniers de guerre --- Rançon --- Rachat des captifs --- Prisonniers --- Traités --- Europe --- Moyen âge --- Statut juridique --- Rançon --- Traités --- Moyen âge

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"From legendary science fiction author Kim Stanley Robinson comes a vision of climate change unlike any ever imagined. Kim Stanley Robinson is one of contemporary science fiction's most acclaimed writers, and with this new novel, he once again turns his eye to themes of climate change, technology, politics, and the human behaviors that drive these forces. But his setting is not a desolate, post-apocalyptic world - rather, he imagines a more hopeful future, one where humanity has managed to overcome our challenges and thrive. It is a novel both immediate and impactful, perfect for his many fans and for readers who crave powerful and thought-provoking sci-fi stories"--Provided by publisher.

Climatic changes --- Humanitarian aid workers --- Post-traumatic stress disorder --- Political kidnapping --- Terrorist organizations --- Future, The --- Climatic changes. --- Employees. --- Environmental policy. --- Future, The. --- Humanitarian aid workers. --- Political kidnapping. --- Post-traumatic stress disorder. --- Terrorist organizations. --- Aide humanitaire. --- Climat --- État de stress post-traumatique. --- Enlèvement politique. --- Terroristes. --- Changements. --- United Nations --- United Nations. --- Nations unies --- Nations Unies --- Environmental policy --- Officials and employees --- Politique de l'environnement. --- Fonctionnaires.