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The renewable energy sector is one of the fastest growing branches of the economy in the world, including in Poland. Extensive investigation in research centers results in the increased efficiency of obtaining energy from renewable sources, as well as a decrease in the prices of renewable energy installations. The development of renewable energy motivates further research and the development of new technologies. Investments in renewable energy may also benefit the local community by increasing the attractiveness of the region to tourists, creating opportunities for professional activation (especially in areas with high unemployment), increasing the competitiveness of the local economy and its energy efficiency and obtaining raw materials from local producers, mainly farmers, which are an additional source of income for them. Another possible economic advantage is charging lease fees, for instance, for land under wind turbines or fees for ground easement, in order to ensure access to the construction of power lines, e.g., connecting turbines to the grid; lowering heat prices for residents of a given town; building investment plots in or near heat plants and biogas plants, with the provision of heat and electricity at competitive prices directly from these plants; investors covering the costs of modernizing local roads; and creating new transmission, power lines and supply points.

Technology: general issues --- History of engineering & technology --- Environmental science, engineering & technology --- waste management --- energy recovery --- model of energy recovery --- biogas --- fermentation --- combustion --- mini-grids --- energy access --- energy sustainability --- SDG 7 --- energy affordability --- green growth --- sustainable development --- environmental production --- relationships --- multicriteria taxonomy --- renewable energy sources --- household --- primary solid biofuels --- solar thermal system --- ambient pumps --- : CSR strategy --- financial performance --- energy sector --- : gross electricity production --- renewable sources --- energy transformation --- concentrationanalysis --- cluster analysis --- k-means --- European Union --- renewable energy sources (RES) --- the new EU member states --- Ward’s method: alternative energy sources --- photovoltaic systems --- wind systems --- hydropower systems --- biomass systems ---  

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With the announcement of the European Green Deal, which defines a set of policy initiatives aimed at achieving a 50–55% reduction in carbon emissions by 2030 and making Europe climate neutral in 2050, the challenge of energy transition becomes even more critical. The transformation of national energy systems towards sustainability is progressing throughout all Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries, yet the goals and results are different. Most EU Member States have made substantial progress towards meeting their long-term commitments of emissions reductions. However, some bloc members have struggled to meet their obligations. An effective energy transition requires the introduction of appropriately designed policy instruments and of robust economic analyses that ensure the best possible outcomes at the lowest costs for society. In this context, this Special Issue aims to bring into the discussion the challenges that CEE countries have to face and overcome while undergoing energy transition.

Technology: general issues --- History of engineering & technology --- climate change --- food security --- grand challenges --- multiple factor analysis --- regional studies --- renewable energy --- sustainable development goals --- support systems --- energy policy --- cogeneration --- capacity market --- individual cogeneration premium --- trade globalization --- financial globalization --- CO2 emissions --- real GDP per capita --- bootstrap panel Granger causality --- EU transition economies --- photovoltaics --- renewable energy sources --- “My Electricity” --- renewable energy policy --- Poland --- “Mój Prąd” --- grant --- renewable energy grants --- renewable energy support --- economic appraisal --- social discount rate --- Ramsey formula --- consumption rate of interest --- social opportunity cost --- renewable energy sources (RES) --- green energy transformation --- sustainable development --- energy cooperatives --- coopetition --- Renewable Energy Communities --- management --- households --- energy consumption --- platform --- EU ETS --- CO2 --- emissions trading --- energy companies from Central and Eastern Europe --- decarbonisation --- energy transition --- low-carbon technology --- climate and energy policy --- indicators --- biomass --- electric vehicle --- electromobility --- energy balance --- efficiency engines --- clustering --- charging stations --- data analysis --- hydrogen cells --- energy law --- customer preferences --- electric car --- PHEV --- driving technique --- limestone sorbents --- flue gas desulphurisation --- FGD gypsum --- coal-fired power plants --- climate policy --- capacity adequacy --- linear programming --- COVID-19 pandemic --- lockdown --- electricity demand profiles --- Polish energy mix --- energy transition in Poland --- social acceptance --- carbon emissions --- fleet electrification --- sustainable mobility --- fleet management --- energy mix --- onshore wind --- risk assessment --- cash-flows --- discount rate --- cost of capital --- cost of equity --- district heating --- decarbonization --- energy efficiency --- Hubgrade --- remuneration mechanism --- power generation --- new investments --- combined heat and power --- optimization --- thermal energy storage --- uncertainty --- climate change --- food security --- grand challenges --- multiple factor analysis --- regional studies --- renewable energy --- sustainable development goals --- support systems --- energy policy --- cogeneration --- capacity market --- individual cogeneration premium --- trade globalization --- financial globalization --- CO2 emissions --- real GDP per capita --- bootstrap panel Granger causality --- EU transition economies --- photovoltaics --- renewable energy sources --- “My Electricity” --- renewable energy policy --- Poland --- “Mój Prąd” --- grant --- renewable energy grants --- renewable energy support --- economic appraisal --- social discount rate --- Ramsey formula --- consumption rate of interest --- social opportunity cost --- renewable energy sources (RES) --- green energy transformation --- sustainable development --- energy cooperatives --- coopetition --- Renewable Energy Communities --- management --- households --- energy consumption --- platform --- EU ETS --- CO2 --- emissions trading --- energy companies from Central and Eastern Europe --- decarbonisation --- energy transition --- low-carbon technology --- climate and energy policy --- indicators --- biomass --- electric vehicle --- electromobility --- energy balance --- efficiency engines --- clustering --- charging stations --- data analysis --- hydrogen cells --- energy law --- customer preferences --- electric car --- PHEV --- driving technique --- limestone sorbents --- flue gas desulphurisation --- FGD gypsum --- coal-fired power plants --- climate policy --- capacity adequacy --- linear programming --- COVID-19 pandemic --- lockdown --- electricity demand profiles --- Polish energy mix --- energy transition in Poland --- social acceptance --- carbon emissions --- fleet electrification --- sustainable mobility --- fleet management --- energy mix --- onshore wind --- risk assessment --- cash-flows --- discount rate --- cost of capital --- cost of equity --- district heating --- decarbonization --- energy efficiency --- Hubgrade --- remuneration mechanism --- power generation --- new investments --- combined heat and power --- optimization --- thermal energy storage --- uncertainty

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The essential introduction to magnetic reconnection—written by a leading pioneer of the fieldPlasmas comprise more than 99 percent of the visible universe; and, wherever plasmas are, magnetic reconnection occurs. In this common and yet incompletely understood physical process, oppositely directed magnetic fields in a plasma meet, break, and then reconnect, converting the huge amounts of energy stored in magnetic fields into kinetic and thermal energy. In Magnetic Reconnection, Masaaki Yamada offers an illuminating synthesis of modern research and advances on this important topic. Magnetic reconnection produces such phenomena as solar flares and the northern lights, and occurs in nuclear fusion devices. A better understanding of this crucial cosmic activity is essential to comprehending the universe and varied technological applications, such as satellite communications. Most of our knowledge of magnetic reconnection comes from theoretical and computational models and laboratory experiments, but space missions launched in recent years have added up-close observation and measurements to researchers’ tools. Describing the fundamental physics of magnetic reconnection, Yamada connects the theory with the latest results from laboratory experiments and space-based observations, including the Magnetic Reconnection Experiment (MRX) and the Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) Mission. He concludes by considering outstanding problems and laying out a road map for future research.Aimed at advanced graduate students and researchers in plasma astrophysics, solar physics, and space physics, Magnetic Reconnection provides cutting-edge information vital area of scientific investigation.

Magnetic reconnection. --- SCIENCE / Physics / Magnetism. --- Acceleration. --- Accretion disk. --- Ampere. --- Annihilation. --- Astrophysical plasma. --- Astrophysics. --- Bremsstrahlung. --- Collision frequency. --- Collisionality. --- Coronal loop. --- Coronal mass ejection. --- Coulomb collision. --- Current density. --- Current sheet. --- Cyclotron. --- Debye length. --- Diffusion layer. --- Dissipation. --- Drift velocity. --- Dynamo theory. --- Electric field. --- Electrical resistivity and conductivity. --- Electron temperature. --- Electrostatics. --- Energy transformation. --- Experimental physics. --- Fermi acceleration. --- Feynman diagram. --- Field effect (semiconductor). --- Field line. --- Fine structure. --- Flux tube. --- Fusion power. --- Gauge theory. --- Gyroradius. --- Hall effect. --- Inductance. --- Induction equation. --- Instability. --- Interferometry. --- Ion acoustic wave. --- Ionization. --- Kinetic theory of gases. --- Kink instability. --- Landau damping. --- Langmuir probe. --- Length scale. --- Lorentz force. --- Madison Symmetric Torus. --- Magnetar. --- Magnetic confinement fusion. --- Magnetic diffusivity. --- Magnetic dipole. --- Magnetic energy. --- Magnetic field. --- Magnetic flux. --- Magnetic helicity. --- Magnetization. --- Magnetohydrodynamics. --- Magnetopause. --- Magnetosheath. --- Magnetosonic wave. --- Magnetosphere. --- Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution. --- Mean free path. --- Momentum transfer. --- Neutral beam injection. --- Nonlinear optics. --- Nuclear fusion. --- Paramagnetism. --- Particle physics. --- Pitch angle (particle motion). --- Plasma (physics). --- Plasma acceleration. --- Plasma oscillation. --- Plasma parameter. --- Plasma parameters. --- Plasma stability. --- Plasmoid. --- Quadrupole. --- Relativistic plasma. --- Reversed field pinch. --- Safety factor (plasma physics). --- Scattering. --- Skin effect. --- Solar flare. --- Spacecraft. --- Spatial scale. --- Spheromak. --- Stark effect. --- Substorm. --- Synchrotron radiation. --- Thermodynamic equilibrium. --- Thomson scattering. --- Tokamak. --- Two-dimensional space. --- Van Allen radiation belt. --- Weibel instability. --- X-ray. --- Annihilation, Magnetic field --- Magnetic field annihilation --- Magnetic field line merging --- Merging, Magnetic field line --- Reconnection, Magnetic --- Reconnection (Astronomy) --- Astrophysics --- Geophysics --- Magnetic fields

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With the announcement of the European Green Deal, which defines a set of policy initiatives aimed at achieving a 50–55% reduction in carbon emissions by 2030 and making Europe climate neutral in 2050, the challenge of energy transition becomes even more critical. The transformation of national energy systems towards sustainability is progressing throughout all Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries, yet the goals and results are different. Most EU Member States have made substantial progress towards meeting their long-term commitments of emissions reductions. However, some bloc members have struggled to meet their obligations. An effective energy transition requires the introduction of appropriately designed policy instruments and of robust economic analyses that ensure the best possible outcomes at the lowest costs for society. In this context, this Special Issue aims to bring into the discussion the challenges that CEE countries have to face and overcome while undergoing energy transition.

climate change --- food security --- grand challenges --- multiple factor analysis --- regional studies --- renewable energy --- sustainable development goals --- support systems --- energy policy --- cogeneration --- capacity market --- individual cogeneration premium --- trade globalization --- financial globalization --- CO2 emissions --- real GDP per capita --- bootstrap panel Granger causality --- EU transition economies --- photovoltaics --- renewable energy sources --- “My Electricity” --- renewable energy policy --- Poland --- “Mój Prąd” --- grant --- renewable energy grants --- renewable energy support --- economic appraisal --- social discount rate --- Ramsey formula --- consumption rate of interest --- social opportunity cost --- renewable energy sources (RES) --- green energy transformation --- sustainable development --- energy cooperatives --- coopetition --- Renewable Energy Communities --- management --- households --- energy consumption --- platform --- EU ETS --- CO2 --- emissions trading --- energy companies from Central and Eastern Europe --- decarbonisation --- energy transition --- low-carbon technology --- climate and energy policy --- indicators --- biomass --- electric vehicle --- electromobility --- energy balance --- efficiency engines --- clustering --- charging stations --- data analysis --- hydrogen cells --- energy law --- customer preferences --- electric car --- PHEV --- driving technique --- limestone sorbents --- flue gas desulphurisation --- FGD gypsum --- coal-fired power plants --- climate policy --- capacity adequacy --- linear programming --- COVID-19 pandemic --- lockdown --- electricity demand profiles --- Polish energy mix --- energy transition in Poland --- social acceptance --- carbon emissions --- fleet electrification --- sustainable mobility --- fleet management --- energy mix --- onshore wind --- risk assessment --- cash-flows --- discount rate --- cost of capital --- cost of equity --- district heating --- decarbonization --- energy efficiency --- Hubgrade --- remuneration mechanism --- power generation --- new investments --- combined heat and power --- optimization --- thermal energy storage --- uncertainty