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Governments, automotive manufacturers, energy companies, charging infrastructure operators, mobility service providers, technology providers and aggregators across the globe are preparing themselves for a rapid transition from conventional internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles to electric mobility. Increasing from the current global sales of 2.1 million units in 2019, electric vehicles are expected to account for nearly 57 percent of all vehicle sales and over 30 percent of all vehicle fleet by 2040. International experience indicates that the key factors responsible for driving this transition are a) conducive policy and regulatory support across the electric mobility value chain, b) technological advancements (new and improved battery chemistries, automation in retail electricity business) and c) increased customer preference for green mobility options (influenced by rising fuel prices and concerns regarding local air pollution, climate change). An analysis was undertaken by the World Bank to review the development of e-mobility in India, identify remaining challenges and mitigation measures to support India's electric mobility vision. This report presents the findings of the analysis and lays out a set of recommendations for consideration by different stakeholders.

Electric Power --- Energy --- Energy Production and Transportation --- Transport --- Urban Development

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While the LNG industry has traditionally focused primarily on development of ever increasing plant capacities, the maturity of the technology has allowed development of technologies applicable for small volumes to be competitive and potentially economically attractive. The main challenge for small scale LNG applications is therefore not technical but economic. Mini/micro LNG facilities currently mainly consist of LNG liquefaction plants supplying LNG satellite stations with annual LNG volumes up to 0.2 mtpa. As an indication, these LNG quantities correspond to the yearly LNG demand for a power plant up to approximately 100 MW. The mini-LNG chain is virtually identical to the conventional LNG chain, differing only in scale. One difference is that for small gas volumes, LNG transport is feasible using trucks (onshore) or barges (offshore) rather than large marine carriers. While the purpose of this study is not provide a tool to estimate the cost of the chain but to provide an overview of the main elements that should be taken into consideration when evaluating the potential for specific projects, it is important to give some indication of potential cost (capital and operating) of an LNG chain.

Energy --- Energy Demand --- Energy Markets --- Energy Production and Transportation --- Oil & Gas

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The Global Gas Flaring Reduction Partnership (GGFR) provides its members with overviews of the potential solutions to recover and monetize the flared and/or associated gas. This study analyses two options that could be used for this monetization of small volumes (1 -15 MMscf/d): the LNG and CNG chain concepts. Technologies are available for both concepts, with different maturity level from the gained experiences and for different transportation conditions (quantities, distances). The available technologies allow a choice of implementation options to suit the volume of gas to be transported and the distance from field to consumer. The cost of the chain depends upon the parameters governing the gas recovery, its transportation and its delivery. Among these parameters the most important are the gas volume and the transportation distance.

Compressed Natural Gas --- Energy --- Energy Demand --- Energy Markets --- Energy Production and Transportation --- Oil & Gas --- Transport

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This study develops an end-use energy demand analysis model for Romania to project energy demand by sector and end-use for 2015-50. The study finds that Romania's energy demand in 2050 would be 34 percent higher than the level in 2013. The industry sector would be the largest final energy-consuming sector, surpassing the residential sector from 2025 onward. The services sector would exhibit the fastest growth of energy consumption in line with the expected structural change from manufacturing to services. Although population in the country is projected to drop by 7 percent in 2050 from the 2013 level, electricity demand would increase by 46 percent over the same period, because of increased household income and the expanded service sector, which is relatively electricity intensive. Still, per capita electricity consumption in Romania will be about half the European Union 28 average. At the end-use level, thermal processes in the industry sector, space heating in the residential and services sectors, and road transportation in the transport sector would be dominant throughout the study period. The study also shows that improvement of energy efficiency in the heating system would be the main channel to cut energy demand in the country.

Climate Change Economics --- Energy --- Energy and Environment --- Energy Production and Transportation --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Transport

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In contributing to global climate change mitigation efforts as agreed in Paris in 2015, China has set a target of reducing the carbon dioxide intensity of gross domestic product by 60-65 percent in 2030 compared with 2005 levels. Using a dynamic computable general equilibrium model of China, this study analyzes the economic and greenhouse gas impacts of meeting those targets through carbon pricing. The study finds that the trajectory of carbon prices to achieve the target depends on several factors, including how the carbon price changes over time and how carbon revenue is recycled to the economy. The study finds that carbon pricing that starts at a lower rate and gradually rises until it achieves the intensity target would be more efficient than a carbon price that remains constant over time. Using carbon revenue to cut existing distortionary taxes reduces the impact on the growth of gross domestic product relative to lump-sum redistribution. Recycling carbon revenue through subsidies to renewables and other low-carbon energy sources also can meet the targets, but the impact on the growth of gross domestic product is larger than with the other policies considered.

Climate change economics --- Climate change mitigation and green house gases --- Energy --- Energy production and transportation --- Environment --- Macroeconomics and economic growth