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This paper investigates the impact of domestic fuel price increases on export growth in a sample of 77 developing countries over the period 2000-2014. Using a fixed-effect estimator and the local projection approach, we find that an increase in domestic gasoline or diesel price adversely affects real non-fuel export growth, but only in the short run as the impact phases out within two years after the shock. The results also suggest that the negative effect of fuel price increase on exports is mainly noticeable in countries with a high-energy dependency ratio and countries where access to an alternative source of energy, such as electricity, is constrained, thus preventing producers from altering energy consumption mix in response to fuel price changes.

Exports and Imports --- Inflation --- Macroeconomics --- Trade: General --- Economic Development: Agriculture --- Natural Resources --- Energy --- Environment --- Other Primary Products --- Energy and the Macroeconomy --- Energy: Demand and Supply --- Prices --- Price Level --- Deflation --- Trade Policy --- International Trade Organizations --- International economics --- Fuel prices --- Export performance --- Energy prices --- Real exports --- International trade --- National accounts --- Exports --- China, People's Republic of

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Energy exports, which are already the primary source of Soviet convertible currency earnings and an important contributor to the budget, could bring in much more revenue if the Soviet Union were to reduce its extremely high levels of energy consumption. To encourage this process, energy prices need to be raised substantially. Under plausible assumptions, it is shown that an increase in prices could yield sizable foreign exchange earnings. Large increases in energy prices could, however, threaten the solvency of industrial enterprises, precipitate major economic and social dislocation, and severely strain interrepublican economic relationships.

Investments: Energy --- Macroeconomics --- Socialist Systems and Transitional Economies: Prices --- Energy and the Macroeconomy --- Energy: Government Policy --- Energy: Demand and Supply --- Prices --- Macroeconomics: Consumption --- Saving --- Wealth --- Price Level --- Inflation --- Deflation --- Energy: General --- Investment & securities --- Energy prices --- Oil prices --- Consumption --- Price adjustments --- Oil --- National accounts --- Commodities --- Economics --- Petroleum industry and trade --- Russian Federation

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This Joint Staff Advisory Note focuses on the Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper–II for Cape Verde. Important progress was made in poverty reduction, but rural poverty still remains high. The strategy reports that Cape Verde is on track to meet the Millennium Development Goal of halving extreme poverty by 2015. Despite progress made to date, the gap between urban and rural income growth is still wide; thus, efforts to raise rural incomes further and a more effective design of social inclusion programs are needed.

Infrastructure --- Industries: Energy --- Social Services and Welfare --- Government Policy --- Provision and Effects of Welfare Program --- Energy and the Macroeconomy --- Education: General --- Investment --- Capital --- Intangible Capital --- Capacity --- Social welfare & social services --- Petroleum, oil & gas industries --- Education --- Macroeconomics --- Poverty --- Economic sectors --- National accounts --- Energy industries --- Saving and investment

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This Selected Issues paper discusses the economics of energy price reform in the Islamic Republic of Iran. Economic policies in Iran have traditionally relied on the abundant availability of energy at a low price to finance the country’s economic development. Low domestic energy prices have resulted in excessive use of energy. Iran’s domestic energy use has been high by international standards, and energy demand growth has exceeded the rate of growth of per capita income, in contrast to the experience of the majority of low and high-income countries.

Inflation --- Macroeconomics --- Public Finance --- Industries: Energy --- Investments: Energy --- Energy: Demand and Supply --- Prices --- Price Level --- Deflation --- Energy and the Macroeconomy --- Electric Utilities --- Energy industries & utilities --- Petroleum, oil & gas industries --- Investment & securities --- Energy prices --- Energy pricing --- Fuel prices --- Energy sector --- Expenditure --- Electricity --- Commodities --- Expenditures, Public --- Energy industries --- Electric utilities --- Iran, Islamic Republic of

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This Selected Issues paper and Statistical Appendix analyzes growth and recovery in Mongolia during transition. The paper describes the major sources of economic growth in Mongolia since the early 1980s in the context of a basic growth accounting framework. It discusses Mongolia’s post-transition growth performance relative to other transition countries. This paper also summarizes the main weaknesses of the existing national accounts statistics and reviews the recent developments and prospects for the main components of GDP.

Macroeconomics --- Agribusiness --- Industries: Energy --- Production and Operations Management --- General Aggregative Models: General --- Comparison of Public and Private Enterprises and Nonprofit Institutions --- Privatization --- Contracting Out --- Energy and the Macroeconomy --- Agriculture: General --- Production --- Cost --- Capital and Total Factor Productivity --- Capacity --- Petroleum, oil & gas industries --- Agricultural economics --- National accounts --- Energy sector --- Agricultural sector --- Total factor productivity --- Economic sectors --- National income --- Energy industries --- Agricultural industries --- Industrial productivity --- Mongolia