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Developed in the context of the rapidly growing demand for space cooling and the critical need for access to affordable space cooling solutions, this primer aims to introduce a broad audience to the topic of space cooling and its key considerations, and to help initiate and advance sustainable space cooling into policy discussions and investment considerations in developing countries. The global energy use for space cooling is projected to grow three-fold between 2016 and 2050, with a majority of this growth occurring in developing countries. While the growing need for space cooling is in alignment with the developmental needs of countries, this growth must be addressed with carefully designed strategies and solutions to avoid severe economic, power system, and environmental impacts. Underscoring an integrative approach to space cooling, the primer provides with an overview of strategies that reduce the cooling loads of buildings by applying building efficiency measures that enhance thermal performance, serve the cooling load as efficiently as possible through appropriate choice of cooling solution and utilization of most efficient cooling equipment available, and optimize the performance of cooling through their operation. Discussing the barriers to implement sustainable space cooling, the primer also presents demonstrated space cooling intervention strategies that can help overcome these barriers, with over 100 real-world examples and implementation considerations included in the Compendium.

Energy --- Energy and Environment --- Energy Demand --- Energy Policies and Economics

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Coal plants worldwide are grappling with low-capacity utilization levels and environmental issues; and have not only become unprofitable to utilities, but also uneconomical to customers. Developed countries with significant coal capacities such as Australia, Canada, Germany, the United Kingdom (UK), and the United States (US), are taking different approaches to wean away from coal. One such approach includes retiring and repurposing coal plants for various productive end uses, including solar plants, wind plants, data centers, and energy storage. Developing countries may gain much from the experience of their developed counterparts. Against this backdrop, the authors briefly examine the power situation in three developing countries, namely, South Africa, Chile, and India, based on their economic prowess within respective regions, predominance of coal in economic activities, and vulnerability to climate change, which make an interesting case for an analysis of repurposing coal plants in developing countries. This study presents the concepts and components of a cost-benefit analysis needed for a coal plant repurposing project.

Coal and Lignite --- Energy --- Energy and Environment --- Energy Demand --- Energy Policies and Economics --- Renewable Energy

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This report presents an overview of current and projected market trends for off-grid lighting. It was commissioned and coordinated by Lighting Africa,a joint initiative from IFC and the World Bank.The report provides a snapshot of the off-grid lighting market and provides industry level data and analysis on key trends. It relies on the inputs ofa broad range of industry experts, manufacturers, distributors, scientists, marker researchers, and NGO leaders worldwide who contributed theirviews, time, and advice to the preparation of this document. This included interviews with over 70 solar market players in 10 African markets, anda range of lighting product manufacturers worldwide. The report will be updated every two years. A key component of the Lighting Africa landscape is the market for solar portable lights, which covers a range of lighting needs from individual tasks to general household lighting. This report presents a snapshot of this market and provides industry-level data and analysis on key trends. Excerpts from this report were used to establish a common foundation for the discussions at the Lighting Africa conference on May 18-20, 2010, and the full document is designed to be a reference point for futurefact-based analysis of the market opportunities for off-grid lighting. It should be noted that Lighting Africa is technology-neutral, but has assembled this report with a focus on solar-based lighting products, as this is a dominant and fast-growing sector of the off-grid space deserving lighting industry, donor, and private sector investor attention. The report relies on the input of a broad range of industry experts, manufacturers, distributors, and NGOs, including interviews with over 70 solar market players in 10 African markets and a dozen lighting product manufacturers worldwide. It will be updated every two years. We welcome your feedback and support in thiseffort and encourage you to reach out to the Lighting Africa team with your questions and feedback.

Electricity --- Energy --- Energy and Environment --- Energy Demand --- Energy Production and Transportation --- Renewable Energy --- Solar Energy

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The primary objective of this project was to identify options for addressing barriers to financing, for scaling up EE implementation in public buildings in the Philippines. Section two of this report provides a summary of the available data on public buildings, including the energy consumption characteristics of government buildings and facilities, estimates of the potential for energy savings, and investments needed. Section three discusses some of the barriers to financing EE that has been seen in other countries, and summarizes such barriers in the public sector in the Philippines, including legal and regulatory barriers; lack of access to commercial financing; institutional barriers; and limited implementation capacity. Section four provides information about international experience in the financing of public sector EE projects. It includes a review of six different financing mechanisms: budget financing; EE revolving funds; dedicated EE credit lines; risk-sharing programs; public or super ESCOs; and commercial financing using ESCOs and performance contracting. It also presents a comparative assessment of the key characteristics of each of these financing options. Section five identifies three options that are considered appropriate for implementation in the Philippines, budget financing, an EE revolving fund, and a public or super ESCO, and provides detailed information on each. It also presents information on the potential role of international financial institutions in providing complementary financial and technical assistance. Section six summarizes the advantages and limitations of the three proposed financing options; presents the World Bank's recommendations; and provides guidance on moving forward with the development of a national program.

Energy --- Energy and Environment --- Energy Consumption --- Energy Demand --- Energy Finance --- Energy Policies and Economics

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The Global Gas Flaring Reduction Partnership (GGFR) provides its members with overviews of the potential solutions to recover and monetize the flared and/or associated gas. The purpose of this report is to compare the Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) and Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) chain concepts that could be used to monetise small volumes (1-15MMscf/d) of associated gas and avoid or reduce the current gas flaring. Both LNG and CNG concepts have been developed for over 50 years in similar though not exactly the same ways, and have gained some maturity as a result of the gas market expansion. The CNG and LNG reports analysed the available technologies and the development of the respective chains in specific countries for a better understanding of the mechanism of their evolution and for possible application in other emerging countries. This report will compare both CNG and LNG chain concepts for small volumes monetisation and will identify the drivers that could increase their implementation to reduce gas flaring and its consequential emissions.

Compressed Natural Gas --- Energy --- Energy and Environment --- Energy Markets --- Finance --- Natural Gas --- Oil & Gas