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Energy poverty is a frequently used term among energy specialists, but unfortunately the concept is rather loosely defined. Several existing approaches measure energy poverty by defining an energy poverty line as the minimum quantity of physical energy needed to perform such basic tasks as cooking and lighting. This paper proposes an alternative measure that is based on energy demand. The energy poverty line is defined as the threshold point at which energy consumption begins to rise with increases in household income. This approach was applied to cross-sectional data from a comprehensive 2005 household survey representative of both urban and rural India. The findings suggest that in rural areas some 57 percent of households are energy poor, versus 22 percent that are income poor. For urban areas the energy poverty rate is 28 percent compared with 20 percent that are income poor. Policies to reduce energy poverty would include support for rural electrification, the promotion of more modern cooking fuels, and encouraging greater adoption of improved biomass stoves. A combination of these programs would play a significant role in reducing energy poverty in rural India.

Cooking --- Energy --- Energy and Environment --- Energy Demand --- Energy needs --- Energy Production and Transportation --- Energy requirements --- Environment --- Environment and Energy Efficiency --- Household income --- Household surveys --- Income --- Income poverty --- Poverty lines --- Poverty Reduction --- Rural --- Rural electrification --- Rural Poverty Reduction

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Part 1 of the paper reviews recent trends in fossil fuel use and associated externalities. It also argues that the recent run-up in international oil prices reflects growing concerns about supply constraints associated with declining spare capacity in OPEC, refining bottlenecks, and geopolitical uncertainties rather than growing incremental use of oil by China and India. Part 2 compares two business as usual scenarios with a set of alternate scenarios based on policy interventions on the demand for or supply of energy and different assumptions about rigidities in domestic and international energy markets. The results suggest that energy externalities are likely to worsen significantly if there is no shift in China's and India's energy strategies. High energy demand from China and India could constrain some developing countries' growth through higher prices on international energy markets, but for others the "growth retarding" effects of higher energy prices are partially or fully offset by the "growth stimulating" effects of the larger markets in China and India. Given that there are many inefficiencies in the energy system in both China and India, there is an opportunity to reduce energy growth without adversely affecting GDP growth. The cost of a decarbonizing energy strategy will be higher for China and India than a fossil fuel-based strategy, but the net present value of delaying the shift will be higher than acting now. The less fossil fuel dependent alternative strategies provide additional dividends in terms of energy security.

Coal --- Demand For Energy --- Emissions --- Energy --- Energy and Environment --- Energy Demand --- Energy Markets --- Energy Needs --- Energy Production and Transportation --- Energy Strategies --- Energy Strategy --- Environment --- Environment and Energy Efficiency --- Fossil --- Fossil Fuel --- Fossil Fuel Use --- Gross Domestic Product --- Higher Energy Prices --- Investment --- Investments --- Oil --- Oil Prices --- Pollution --- Water

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Part 1 of the paper reviews recent trends in fossil fuel use and associated externalities. It also argues that the recent run-up in international oil prices reflects growing concerns about supply constraints associated with declining spare capacity in OPEC, refining bottlenecks, and geopolitical uncertainties rather than growing incremental use of oil by China and India. Part 2 compares two business as usual scenarios with a set of alternate scenarios based on policy interventions on the demand for or supply of energy and different assumptions about rigidities in domestic and international energy markets. The results suggest that energy externalities are likely to worsen significantly if there is no shift in China's and India's energy strategies. High energy demand from China and India could constrain some developing countries' growth through higher prices on international energy markets, but for others the "growth retarding" effects of higher energy prices are partially or fully offset by the "growth stimulating" effects of the larger markets in China and India. Given that there are many inefficiencies in the energy system in both China and India, there is an opportunity to reduce energy growth without adversely affecting GDP growth. The cost of a decarbonizing energy strategy will be higher for China and India than a fossil fuel-based strategy, but the net present value of delaying the shift will be higher than acting now. The less fossil fuel dependent alternative strategies provide additional dividends in terms of energy security.

Coal --- Demand For Energy --- Emissions --- Energy --- Energy and Environment --- Energy Demand --- Energy Markets --- Energy Needs --- Energy Production and Transportation --- Energy Strategies --- Energy Strategy --- Environment --- Environment and Energy Efficiency --- Fossil --- Fossil Fuel --- Fossil Fuel Use --- Gross Domestic Product --- Higher Energy Prices --- Investment --- Investments --- Oil --- Oil Prices --- Pollution --- Water

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Changing Energy outlines how humanity established the current energy economy through three previous transitions, and how we now stand poised for a necessary fourth transition. Human societies around the globe have received immense benefits from uses of coal, oil, gas, and uranium sources, yet we must now rebuild our energy economies to rely on renewable sources and use them efficiently. The imperative for a fourth energy transition comes from dangers related to climate change, geopolitical tensions, documented health and environmental effects, and long-term depletion of today's sources. John H. Perkins argues that a future in which current levels of energy service benefits are sustained can come only from investments in the technologies needed to bring about a fourth energy transition. Changing Energy envisions a viable post-fossil fuel economy and identifies the barriers to be overcome.

Energy consumption. --- Renewable energy sources. --- Fossil fuels. --- big four fuels. --- biofuels. --- climate change. --- coal. --- depletion of resources. --- energy economies. --- energy economy. --- energy efficiency. --- energy use and depletion. --- energy. --- fossil fuels. --- gas. --- geopolitical tensions. --- health and environmental effects of energy. --- human energy needs. --- nuclear power. --- oil. --- post fossil fuel economy. --- power resources. --- power. --- primary fuels. --- renewable energy. --- renewable resources. --- renewable sources. --- sustainable energy. --- uranium.

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Renewable energy sources --- Social aspects --- Energy development --- Energy consumption --- Petroleum reserves --- BPB1403 --- 665.61 --- 620.9.001 --- 620.9 --- Politique énergétique --- Demande énergétique --- energetická politika --- energetikos politika --- energetska politika --- energiapoliitika --- energiapolitiikka --- енергийна политика --- politika tal-enerġija --- ενεργειακή πολιτική --- política energética --- Energiepolitik --- politica energetica --- energiebeleid --- energiapolitika --- energipolitik --- enerģētikas politika --- politică energetică --- politikë energjetike --- energy policy --- енергетска политика --- polityka energetyczna --- beartas fuinnimh --- strategia energetica --- obiettivo energetico --- политика за енергетика --- politica energetica nazionale --- мерки за енергетска ефикасност --- atomprogram --- opzione energetica --- atompolitik --- politica dell'energia --- piano energetico --- енергетска стратегија --- sviluppo energetico --- potřeba energie --- енергийно търсене --- Energiebedarf --- zapotrzebowanie na energię --- necesar energetic --- energiaigény --- enerģijas pieprasījums --- energianõudlus --- fabbisogno energetico --- kërkesa për energji --- energijos paklausa --- energiebehoefte --- domanda tal-enerġija --- energiefterspørgsel --- потражња енергије --- dopyt po energii --- energy demand --- demanda energética --- procura energética --- energian kysyntä --- побарувачка на енергија --- éileamh ar fhuinneamh --- potražnja energije --- energibehov --- energetske potrebe --- ζήτηση ενέργειας --- besoin énergétique --- fabbisogno d'energia --- energijos poreikis --- richiesta energetica --- nevoja energjetike --- energy requirements --- bisogno energetico --- ενεργειακές ανάγκες --- energiavaatimukset --- vraag naar energie --- domanda energetica --- necessidades energéticas --- demande d'énergie --- energiakereslet --- procura de energia --- necesidad energética --- energetické požiadavky --- energetická poptávka --- cerere energetică --- енергетски потреби --- потрага по нови енергетски извори --- energetický požadavek --- poptávka po energii --- energiefterfrågan --- energetické potreby --- energiaszükségletek --- kraftbehov --- demanda de energía --- ενεργειακή ζήτηση --- nevoi de energie --- energiavajadused --- kërkesa energjetike --- Energienachfrage --- energiantarve --- energy needs --- oliecrisis --- energiebeleid - energiepolitiek --- energie