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This book provides the most up-to-date information on hybrid solar cell and solar thermal collectors, which are commonly referred to as Photovoltaic/Thermal (PV/T) systems. PV/T systems convert solar radiation into thermal and electrical energy to produce electricity, utilize more of the solar spectrum, and save space by combining the two structures to cover lesser area than two systems separately. Research in this area is growing rapidly and is highlighted within this book. The most current methods and techniques available to aid in overall efficiency, reduce cost and improve modeling and system maintenance are all covered. In-depth chapters present the background and basic principles of the technology along with a detailed review of the most current literature. Moreover, the book details design criteria for PV/T systems including residential, commercial, and industrial applications. Provides an objective and decisive source for the supporters of green and renewable source of energy Discusses and evaluates state-of-the-art PV/T system designs Proposes and recommends potential designs for future research on this topic.

Energia solar fotovoltaica --- Energia tèrmica solar --- Energia elèctrica --- Energies renovables --- Materials science. --- Force and energy. --- Renewable energy resources. --- Energy systems. --- Energy Materials. --- Renewable and Green Energy. --- Energy Systems. --- Producció --- Conservation of energy --- Correlation of forces --- Energy --- Physics --- Dynamics --- Material science --- Physical sciences --- Energia renovable --- Fonts d'energies alternatives --- Fonts d'energies renovables --- Agricultura i energia --- Fonts d'energia --- Electricitat --- Generació d'energia elèctrica --- Producció d'energia elèctrica --- Centrals hidroelèctriques --- Enginyeria elèctrica --- Sistemes de distribució d'energia elèctrica --- Conversió tèrmica solar --- Energia solar --- Energia solar tèrmica --- Sistemes d'energia tèrmica solar --- Termotècnia --- Conversió d'energia fotovoltaica --- Conversió fotovoltaica --- Electricitat fotovoltaica --- Fotovoltaica --- Generació d'energia fotovoltaica --- Energia --- Conversió termodinàmica --- Conversió directa

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Mil Colinas is a NGO founded in 2011 in order to contribute to the battle against inequality. Mil Colinas mediates between northern and southern countries in order to further social development. It is an educative project which started with 30 children and has grown to almost 200 people in addition to three Rwandese educators. Due to the fact that the current room is too small to carry out the activities, there is a clear necessity for the association to have its own space.
Last summer (2015), I went to Rukara, the Rwandese village in which Mil Colinas operates. I began taking its measurement and shortly after the land was purchased. The current project plan is to utilize solar energy for the school's main source of power.
During the period in which I was there, several facilities were visited (mainly schools and the health centre of Rukara) and some of them are already working with photovoltaic energy. Meetings took place around the country with key energy businesses in East Africa, such as Mobisol. Also the educators and children who are involved in Mil Colinas were directly contacted in order to understand and record the needs and desires they have for the new school.
With all the necessary data from this African country, an off-micro grid has to be designed for the current project. This grid provides the required energy (mainly for lights and laptops) through a photovoltaic system and accumulators.
Initially, it was necessary to measure the consumption as well as the solar irradiation in the area. Several hypothesis were created; taking into account different weather and other assumptions.
Following the hypothesis, some simulations were run in Python in order to plot the charge level of the batteries per hour throughout the whole year. Having these results, some decisions could be taken in account in relation to the quantity of the photovoltaic panels and the batteries with the help of the tool Solver in Excel. The wiring was also calculated as well as the optimum angle for the electrical generators. The system is optimized regarding the economical plan. Several plans were made with AutoCAD are attached as well as the 3D views of the school made with SweetHome3D.
As result of this project, there is an installation which will work in 48 V before the inverter and in 230 V upstream; 10 photovoltaic panels of 295 W each and 12 batteries of 200 Ah of capacity. Each unit is part of the installation along with the inverter and the controller. Initial investment reaches $12,257.67 but it is necessary to have a budget of $19,800.89 in total to assure the proper function during at least 24 years.

Microgrid --- Off-grid --- Rwanda --- Rukara --- Africa --- Mil Colinas --- International Cooperation --- Education --- Photovoltaic energy --- Renewable energy --- Python --- Excel --- AutoCAD --- Sweet Home 3D --- Solver --- Business cases --- Afrique --- Coopération Internationale --- Énergie Photovoltaique --- Énergie Renouvelable --- Ruanda --- Energía Fotovoltaica --- Energía Renovable --- Casos de negocio --- Ingénierie, informatique & technologie > Energie --- Ingénierie, informatique & technologie > Ingénierie électrique & électronique