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Water is one of the most essential elements for sustaining life. National, regional, and local authorities throughout the world are responsible to maintain necessary infrastructure and safeguard resources for an orderly uninterrupted supply of good quality, healthy, and safe, water for everyday needs of all the population. These needs, which are growing fast with economic growth, development, and rising prosperity include water for drinking as well as for sanitation, laundry, gardening, recreation, and other domestic uses. An adequate supply of water resources should be safeguarded also for all sectors of the economy and society including agriculture, industry, energy, tourism, ecosystem protection, and more. Drinking water is again becoming a global issue from many perspectives. There are still parts of the globe which lack the necessary water resources for their basic needs, whether in terms of quantity or quality, or both. Demographic growth in several world regions is likely to increase pressures for the development of water resources and further exploitation of existing ones. Changes in production and consumption patterns are expected to aggravate further the pressures on the quantity and quality of water resources across the world. Rising standards of living, intensive agriculture, and new industrial processes lead not only to increasing com- tition for water use and rising costs of water provision, but also to mounting risks.

Emergency water supply --- Municipal water supply --- Emergency management --- Gestion des situations d'urgence --- Congresses --- Risk management --- Congrès --- Emergency management -- Congresses. --- Emergency water supply -- Congresses. --- Emergency water supply. --- Municipal water supply -- Risk management -- Congresses. --- Environmental Sciences --- Earth & Environmental Sciences --- Cities and towns --- Urban water --- Water, Municipal --- Water, Urban --- Water-supply --- Earth sciences. --- Environmental management. --- Environmental sciences. --- Water pollution. --- Economics. --- Management science. --- Economic policy. --- Earth Sciences. --- Environmental Science and Engineering. --- Economics, general. --- Environmental Management. --- Water Policy/Water Governance/Water Management. --- Waste Water Technology / Water Pollution Control / Water Management / Aquatic Pollution. --- R & D/Technology Policy. --- Municipal engineering --- Civil defense --- Disaster relief --- Environmental pollution. --- Economic nationalism --- Economic planning --- National planning --- State planning --- Economics --- Planning --- National security --- Social policy --- Chemical pollution --- Chemicals --- Contamination of environment --- Environmental pollution --- Pollution --- Contamination (Technology) --- Asbestos abatement --- Bioremediation --- Environmental engineering --- Environmental quality --- Factory and trade waste --- Hazardous waste site remediation --- Hazardous wastes --- In situ remediation --- Lead abatement --- Pollutants --- Refuse and refuse disposal --- Environmental stewardship --- Stewardship, Environmental --- Environmental sciences --- Management --- Economic theory --- Political economy --- Social sciences --- Economic man --- Environmental aspects --- Quantitative business analysis --- Problem solving --- Operations research --- Statistical decision --- Environmental science --- Science --- Aquatic pollution --- Fresh water --- Fresh water pollution --- Freshwater pollution --- Inland water pollution --- Lake pollution --- Lakes --- Reservoirs --- River pollution --- Rivers --- Stream pollution --- Water contamination --- Water pollutants --- Water pollution --- Waste disposal in rivers, lakes, etc.

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1.1. SAFETY OF CIVIL STRUCTURES Society expects that the failure of civil structures is extremely rare and relies on the care and expertise of the professionals involved in the design, construction and maintenance of structures. This is in particular true for public technical systems such as transportation or energy supply systems and structures such as bridges. Structural safety may be defined as follows: “Adequate safety with respect to a hazard is ensured provided that the hazard is kept under control by appropriate measures or the risk is limited to an acceptable value. Absolute safety is not achievable.” It is thus not the structure as such that is designated safe but rather the people, goods and the environment in its surroundings. The continued use of existing structures is of great importance because the built environment is a huge economic and political asset, growing larger every year. Nowadays evaluation of the safety of existing structures is a major engineering task, and structural engineers are increasingly called upon to devise ways for extending the life of structures whilst observing tight cost constraints. Also, existing structures are expected to resist against accidental actions although they were not designed for. Engineers may apply specific methods for evaluation in order to preserve structures and to reduce a client’s expenditure. The ultimate goal is to limit construction intervention to a minimum, a goal that is clearly in agreement with the principles of sustainable development.

Buildings -- Natural disaster effects -- Congresses. --- Disasters -- Congresses. --- Emergency management -- Congresses. --- Structural analysis (Engineering) -- Congresses.Structural analysis (Engineering) -- Congresses. --- Structural analysis (Engineering) --- Disasters. --- Buildings --- Emergency management. --- Natural disaster effects. --- Consequence management (Emergency management) --- Disaster planning --- Disaster preparedness --- Disaster prevention --- Disaster relief --- Disasters --- Emergencies --- Emergency planning --- Emergency preparedness --- Calamities --- Catastrophes --- Architectural engineering --- Engineering, Architectural --- Structural mechanics --- Structures, Theory of --- Management --- Planning --- Preparedness --- Prevention --- Engineering. --- Civil engineering. --- Building. --- Construction. --- Engineering, Architectural. --- Building repair. --- Nature conservation. --- Soil science. --- Soil conservation. --- Waste management. --- Building Construction. --- Nature Conservation. --- Civil Engineering. --- Waste Management/Waste Technology. --- Building Repair and Maintenance. --- Soil Science & Conservation. --- Design and construction. --- Repair and reconstruction. --- Public safety --- First responders --- Building failures --- Natural disasters --- Curiosities and wonders --- Accidents --- Hazardous geographic environments --- Structural engineering --- Waste disposal. --- Building construction. --- Building Construction and Design. --- Conservation of nature --- Nature --- Nature protection --- Protection of nature --- Conservation of natural resources --- Applied ecology --- Conservation biology --- Endangered ecosystems --- Natural areas --- Conservation of soil --- Erosion control, Soil --- Soil erosion --- Soil erosion control --- Soils --- Agricultural conservation --- Soil management --- Engineering --- Public works --- Conservation --- Control --- Buildings—Design and construction. --- Buildings—Repair and reconstruction. --- Pedology (Soil science) --- Agriculture --- Earth sciences --- Building reconstruction --- Building renovation --- Building repair --- Reconstruction of buildings --- Remodeling of buildings --- Renovation of buildings --- Maintenance --- Repairing --- Architecture --- Construction --- Construction science --- Structural design --- Construction industry --- Reconstruction --- Remodeling --- Renovation --- Protection --- Conservation and restoration --- Design and construction --- Emergency management --- War damage --- Natural disaster effects --- Edifices --- Halls --- Structures --- Built environment