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This thesis focuses on the investigation of different magnetoresistance effects of permalloy (Py) nanoconstrictions. Py nanoconstrictions are electromigrated to different conductance values, down to the ballistic transport regime. At each conductance, domain wall magnetoresistance ratio and anisotropic magnetoresistance ratio are recorded. A general trend of decrease is observed in both effects.

Electromigration, spintronic, domain wall. --- Physique, chimie, mathématiques & sciences de la terre > Physique

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During the last years we have witnessed colossal advancements in all-electrical doping control on
cuprates. In the vast majority of cases, the tuning of charge carrier density has been achieved via electric field effect by means of either a ferroelectric polarization or by using a dielectric or electrolyte gating. Unfortunately, these approaches are constrained to rather thin superconducting layers and require large electric fields in order to ensure sizable carrier modulations [1, 2]. In this master thesis, we focus on the investigation of oxygen doping in an extended region through current-stimulated oxygen migration in Y B a 2 Cu 3 O 7−δ superconducting bridges. The underlying methodology is rather simple and avoiding sophisticated overlay nanofabrication process steps and complex electronics. A patterned 
multiterminal transport bridge configuration allows us to electrically assess the directional counterflow of oxygen atoms and vacancies. Importantly, the emerging propagating front of current-dependent doping δ isprobed in situ by polarized optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The resulting imaging techniques, together with photo-induced conductivity and Raman scattering investigations reveal an inhomogeneous oxygen vacancy distribution with a controllable propagation speed permitting us to estimate the oxygen diffusivity. These findings provide direct evidence that the microscopic mechanism at play in electrical doping in cuprates involves diffusion of oxygen atoms with the applied current. The resulting fine control of the oxygen content in complex oxides paves the way towards a systematic study of complex phase diagrams and the design of electrically addressable devices.

superconductivity --- ybco --- high temperature superconductors --- electromigration --- photoconductivity --- cuprate superconductivity --- Physique, chimie, mathématiques & sciences de la terre > Physique --- Physique, chimie, mathématiques & sciences de la terre > Chimie

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Like its predecessor, this book by the renowned physicist Sir Rudolf Peierls draws from many diverse fields of theoretical physics to present problems in which the answer differs from what our intuition had led us to expect. In some cases an apparently convincing approximation turns out to be misleading; in others a seemingly unmanageable problem turns out to have a simple answer. Peierls's intention, however, is not to treat theoretical physics as an unpredictable game in which such surprises happen at random. Instead he shows how in each case careful thought could have prepared us for the outcome. Peierls has chosen mainly problems from his own experience or that of his collaborators, often showing how classic problems can lend themselves to new insights. His book is aimed at both graduate students and their teachers. Praise for Surprises in Theoretical Physics: "A beautiful piece of stimulating scholarship and a delight to read. Physicists of all kinds will learn a great deal from it."--R. J. Blin-Stoyle, Contemporary Physics

Mathematical physics. --- Physical mathematics --- Physics --- Mathematics --- "quantum mechanics. --- Abraham finding. --- Brillouin Zones. --- Condensed Matter. --- Decaying States. --- Electromigration. --- Euler equation". --- Field Theory. --- Hydrodynamics. --- Ising model. --- Isospin of Nuclei. --- Magnetoresistance. --- Nuclear Physics. --- Peierls Transition. --- Phonon Drag. --- Projection Method. --- Pseudomomentum. --- Rotational States. --- Shock Waves. --- Wave Function. --- microscopic theory. --- relaxation time.

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Understanding and limiting electromigration in thin films is essential to the continued development of advanced copper interconnects for integrated circuits. Electromigration in thin films and electronic devices provides an up-to-date review of key topics in this commercially important area.Part one consists of three introductory chapters, covering modelling of electromigration phenomena, modelling electromigration using the peridynamics approach and simulation and x-ray microbeam studies of electromigration. Part two deals with electromigration issues in copper interconnects, includin

Electrodiffusion. --- Integrated circuits -- Deterioration. --- Integrated circuits. --- Interconnects (Integrated circuit technology). --- Thin films. --- Integrated circuits --- Electrodiffusion --- Thin films --- Interconnects (Integrated circuit technology) --- Electrical & Computer Engineering --- Engineering & Applied Sciences --- Electrical Engineering --- Deterioration --- Deterioration. --- Engineering --- Electronics --- Interconnections (Integrated circuit technology) --- Films, Thin --- Solid film --- Solid state electronics --- Solids --- Surfaces (Technology) --- Coatings --- Thick films --- Electromigration --- Electrotransport --- Diffusion --- Physical metallurgy --- Transport theory --- Chips (Electronics) --- Circuits, Integrated --- Computer chips --- Microchips --- Electronic circuits --- Microelectronics --- Connections

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Pharmaceuticals, due to their pseudo-persistence and biological activity as well as their extensive use in human and veterinary medicine, are a class of environmental contaminants that is of emerging concern. In contrast to some conventional pollutants, they are continuously delivered at low levels, which might give rise to toxicity even without high persistence rates. These chemicals are designed to have a specific physiological mode of action and to resist frequently inactivation before exerting their intended therapeutic effect. These features, among others, result in the bioaccumulation of pharmaceuticals which are responsible for toxic effects in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. It is extremely important to know how to remove them from the environment and/or how to implement procedures or treatments resulting in their biological inactivation. Although great advances have been made in their detection in aquatic matrices, there remains limited analytical methodologies available for the trace analysis of target and non-target pharmaceuticals in matrices such as soils, sediments, or biota. There are still many gaps in the data on their fate and behavior in the environment as well as on their threats to ecological and human health. This book has included nine current research and three review articles in this field.

ifosfamide --- cyclophosphamide --- 5-fluorouracil --- cytostatic drug --- BDD anode --- electrochemical oxidation --- intermediates --- lincomycin --- monensin --- roxarsone --- migration --- residual --- toxicity --- pharmaceuticals --- endocrine disrupting compounds --- hydroponic cultivation --- determining target pollutants in plant materials --- municipal wastewater treatment plants --- ionic liquids --- green chemistry --- environmental and biological samples --- sample preparation --- determination of pharmaceuticals --- chromatographic methods --- electromigration techniques --- sulfamethoxazole --- antibiotic resistance genes --- sul genes --- bacterial community --- constructed wetlands --- environmental contaminants --- pharmaceuticals occurrence --- aquatic compartments --- soil --- poultry farms --- ultra-high performance liquid chromatography --- antibiotics, antibiotic resistance --- antibiotics --- wastewater --- sewage sludge --- risk assessment --- removal efficiency --- LC-MS/MS analysis --- Spirotox --- fluoxetine --- sertraline --- paroxetine --- mianserin --- pharmaceuticals in the environment --- wastewaters --- pharmaceutical residues --- conventional wastewater treatments --- solid phase extraction --- pharmaceuticals toxicity --- environmental risk assessment --- antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) --- antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) --- wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) --- activated sludge (AS) --- constructed wetlands (CWs) --- environmental pollution --- spread of resistance --- tetracyclines --- sulfonamides --- fate in the environment --- fate in WWTPs --- ecotoxicity --- antibiotic resistance --- development of methods