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"Earth Observations for Addressing Global Challenges" presents the results of cutting-edge research related to innovative techniques and approaches based on satellite remote sensing data, the acquisition of earth observations, and their applications in the contemporary practice of sustainable development. Addressing the urgent tasks of adaptation to climate change is one of the biggest global challenges for humanity. As His Excellency António Guterres, Secretary-General of the United Nations, said, "Climate change is the defining issue of our time—and we are at a defining moment. We face a direct existential threat." For many years, scientists from around the world have been conducting research on earth observations collecting vital data about the state of the earth environment. Evidence of the rapidly changing climate is alarming: according to the World Meteorological Organization, the past two decades included 18 of the warmest years since 1850, when records began. Thus, Group on Earth Observations (GEO) has launched initiatives across multiple societal benefit areas (agriculture, biodiversity, climate, disasters, ecosystems, energy, health, water, and weather), such as the Global Forest Observations Initiative, the GEO Carbon and GHG Initiative, the GEO Biodiversity Observation Network, and the GEO Blue Planet, among others. The results of research that addressed strategic priorities of these important initiatives are presented in the monograph.

snow albedo radiative forcing --- snow albedo feedback --- radiative kernel --- remote sensing --- cloud fraction --- integrated liquid water --- integrated water vapour --- diurnal cycle --- microwave radiometer --- classification --- self-learning --- training data --- crop --- leaf area index --- comparison --- MODIS --- uncertainty --- China --- EVI --- climatic factor --- driving force --- grey relational analysis (GRA) --- Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region (IMAR) --- Earth Observation (EO) --- satellite --- sensors --- platform --- SAR --- GNSS-R --- optical sensors --- polar --- weather --- ice --- marine --- land surface temperature --- urban heat island --- surface urban heat island --- land use --- land management unit --- Earth observation --- radiometer --- VIS/NIR imager --- terrestrial ecosystem --- MODIS GPP product --- calibration --- arid region --- oasis-desert ecosystem --- Land use and land cover (LULC) --- cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning --- particulate matter (PM10) --- sulfur dioxide (SO2) --- El Niño 2015–16 --- trace gases --- Upper Troposphere Lower Stratosphere --- n/a --- El Niño 2015-16