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Calculations on lens systems are often marred by the unjustifiable use of the small-angle approximation. This book describes in detail how the ray and wave pictures of lens behaviour can be combined and developed into a theory capable of dealing with the large angles encountered in real optical systems. A distinct advantage of this approach is that Fourier optics appears naturally, in a form valid for arbitrarily large angles. The book begins with extensive reviews of geometrical optiks, eikonal functions and the theory of wave propagation. The propagation of waves through lenses is then treated by exploiting the close connection between eikonal function theory and the stationary phase approximation. Aberrations are then discussed, and the book concludes with various applications in lens design and analysis, including chapters on laser beam propagation and diffractive optical elements. Throughout, special emphasis is placed on the intrinsic limitations of lens performance. The many practical insights it contains, as well as the exercises with their solutions, will be of interest to graduate students as well as to anyone working in optical design and engineering.

Lenses. --- Geometrical optics. --- Eikonal equation. --- Fourier transform optics.

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After every major earthquake, the Earth rings like a bell for several days. These free oscillations of the Earth and the related propagating body and surface waves are routinely detected at broad-band seismographic stations around the world. In this book, F. A. Dahlen and Jeroen Tromp present an advanced theoretical treatment of global seismology, describing the normal-mode, body-wave, and surface-wave methods employed in the determination of the Earth's three-dimensional internal structure and the source mechanisms of earthquakes. The authors provide a survey of both the history of global seismological research and the major theoretical and observational advances made in the past decade. The book is divided into three parts. In the first, "Foundations," Dahlen and Tromp give an extensive introduction to continuum mechanics and discuss the representation of seismic sources and the free oscillations of a completely general Earth model. The resulting theory should provide the basis for future scientific discussions of the elastic-gravitational deformation of the Earth. The second part, "The Spherical Earth," is devoted to the free oscillations of a spherically symmetric Earth. In the third part, "The Aspherical Earth," the authors discuss methods of dealing with the Earth's three-dimensional heterogeneity. The book is concerned primarily with the forward problem of global seismology--detailing how synthetic seismograms and spectra may be calculated and interpreted. As a long-needed unification of theories in global seismology, the book will be important to graduate students and to professional seismologists, geodynamicists, and geomagnetists, as well as to astronomers who study the free oscillations of the Sun and other stars.

Seismology. --- Born approximation. --- Cartesian decomposition. --- J-equivalent mode. --- Kramers-Kronig relations. --- Love wave. --- MINE0S. --- Maxwell relation. --- accelerogram. --- admissible variation. --- anisotropy. --- body force. --- conjugate momentum. --- coupling. --- diagonal sum rule. --- dot product. --- eikonal equation. --- equipartition. --- gravity mode. --- ladder operator. --- linearized deformation. --- multilinear functional. --- non-polar continuum. --- origin time. --- osculating plane. --- peak shift. --- physical components. --- reciprocity. --- second-order tensor. --- seismogram.

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This one-of-a-kind book presents many of the mathematical concepts, structures, and techniques used in the study of rays, waves, and scattering. Panoramic in scope, it includes discussions of how ocean waves are refracted around islands and underwater ridges, how seismic waves are refracted in the earth's interior, how atmospheric waves are scattered by mountains and ridges, how the scattering of light waves produces the blue sky, and meteorological phenomena such as rainbows and coronas.Rays, Waves, and Scattering is a valuable resource for practitioners, graduate students, and advanced undergraduates in applied mathematics, theoretical physics, and engineering. Bridging the gap between advanced treatments of the subject written for specialists and less mathematical books aimed at beginners, this unique mathematical compendium features problems and exercises throughout that are geared to various levels of sophistication, covering everything from Ptolemy's theorem to Airy integrals (as well as more technical material), and several informative appendixes.Provides a panoramic look at wave motion in many different contextsFeatures problems and exercises throughoutIncludes numerous appendixes, some on topics not often coveredAn ideal reference book for practitionersCan also serve as a supplemental text in classical applied mathematics, particularly wave theory and mathematical methods in physics and engineeringAccessible to anyone with a strong background in ordinary differential equations, partial differential equations, and functions of a complex variable

Mathematical physics. --- Physical mathematics --- Physics --- Mathematics --- Airy approximation. --- Airy functions. --- Airy integral. --- Airy theory. --- Airy wavefront. --- Alexander's dark band. --- Bessel functions. --- Earth. --- Fermat's principle. --- Fresnel integrals. --- Hamilton's principle. --- Hamilton-Jacobi equation. --- Hamilton-Jacobi theory. --- Hamiltonian. --- Hooke's law. --- Kepler's laws of planetary motion. --- Lagrangian. --- Liouville transformation. --- Love waves. --- Navier equations. --- Ptolemy's theorem. --- Rayleigh scattering. --- Schrödinger equation. --- Sir George Biddle Airy. --- Snell's laws. --- Taylor–Goldstein equation. --- WKB(J) approximation. --- Wiechert-Herglotz inverse problem. --- acoustic wave propagation. --- action. --- angle of minimum deviation. --- applied mathematics. --- atmospheric waves. --- billow clouds. --- boundary-value problem. --- buoyancy waves. --- caustics. --- classical mechanics. --- classical wave equation. --- colors. --- complex plane. --- constant phase lines. --- contours. --- corona. --- currents. --- cusp catastrophes. --- deep water waves. --- differential equations. --- diffraction catastrophes. --- diffraction. --- dispersion relations. --- dispersion. --- divergence problem. --- earthquakes. --- eikonal equation. --- elastic solid. --- elastic waves. --- elementary mathematics. --- equations of motion. --- fluid equations. --- fold catastrophes. --- free surface. --- geometric wavefronts. --- geometrical optics. --- glory. --- inhomogeneous medium. --- integrals. --- intensity law. --- internal gravity waves. --- inverse scattering problem. --- islands. --- leading waves. --- lee waves. --- light waves. --- long waves. --- mathematics. --- meteorological optics. --- mountain waves. --- ocean acoustic waveguides. --- ocean acoustics. --- ocean waves. --- one-dimensional waves. --- optics. --- path. --- plane wave incident. --- plane waves. --- polarization. --- potential well. --- rainbow. --- ray equations. --- ray optics. --- ray theory. --- rays. --- reflection. --- refraction. --- ridge. --- scattering. --- seafloor. --- seismic rays. --- seismic tomography. --- seismic waves. --- semicircle theorem. --- shallow water waves. --- ship waves. --- short waves. --- strain. --- stratified fluid. --- stress. --- surface gravity waves. --- surface waves. --- transient waves. --- tsunami propagation. --- tsunamis. --- wave energy. --- wave refraction. --- wave trapping. --- wavefront. --- wavepackets. --- waves. --- wind shear.

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The aim of this work is to provide a proof of the nonlinear gravitational stability of the Minkowski space-time. More precisely, the book offers a constructive proof of global, smooth solutions to the Einstein Vacuum Equations, which look, in the large, like the Minkowski space-time. In particular, these solutions are free of black holes and singularities. The work contains a detailed description of the sense in which these solutions are close to the Minkowski space-time, in all directions. It thus provides the mathematical framework in which we can give a rigorous derivation of the laws of gravitation proposed by Bondi. Moreover, it establishes other important conclusions concerning the nonlinear character of gravitational radiation. The authors obtain their solutions as dynamic developments of all initial data sets, which are close, in a precise manner, to the flat initial data set corresponding to the Minkowski space-time. They thus establish the global dynamic stability of the latter.Originally published in 1994.The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback and hardcover editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.

Space and time --- Generalized spaces --- Nonlinear theories --- Physics --- Physical Sciences & Mathematics --- Atomic Physics --- Nonlinear problems --- Nonlinearity (Mathematics) --- Calculus --- Mathematical analysis --- Mathematical physics --- Geometry of paths --- Minkowski space --- Spaces, Generalized --- Weyl space --- Calculus of tensors --- Geometry, Differential --- Geometry, Non-Euclidean --- Hyperspace --- Relativity (Physics) --- Space of more than three dimensions --- Space-time --- Space-time continuum --- Space-times --- Spacetime --- Time and space --- Fourth dimension --- Infinite --- Metaphysics --- Philosophy --- Space sciences --- Time --- Beginning --- Mathematics --- Angular momentum operator. --- Asymptotic analysis. --- Asymptotic expansion. --- Big O notation. --- Boundary value problem. --- Cauchy–Riemann equations. --- Coarea formula. --- Coefficient. --- Compactification (mathematics). --- Comparison theorem. --- Corollary. --- Covariant derivative. --- Curvature tensor. --- Curvature. --- Cut locus (Riemannian manifold). --- Degeneracy (mathematics). --- Degrees of freedom (statistics). --- Derivative. --- Diffeomorphism. --- Differentiable function. --- Eigenvalues and eigenvectors. --- Eikonal equation. --- Einstein field equations. --- Equation. --- Error term. --- Estimation. --- Euclidean space. --- Existence theorem. --- Existential quantification. --- Exponential map (Lie theory). --- Exponential map (Riemannian geometry). --- Exterior (topology). --- Foliation. --- Fréchet derivative. --- Geodesic curvature. --- Geodesic. --- Geodesics in general relativity. --- Geometry. --- Hodge dual. --- Homotopy. --- Hyperbolic partial differential equation. --- Hypersurface. --- Hölder's inequality. --- Identity (mathematics). --- Infinitesimal generator (stochastic processes). --- Integral curve. --- Intersection (set theory). --- Isoperimetric inequality. --- Laplace's equation. --- Lie algebra. --- Lie derivative. --- Linear equation. --- Linear map. --- Logarithm. --- Lorentz group. --- Lp space. --- Mass formula. --- Mean curvature. --- Metric tensor. --- Minkowski space. --- Nonlinear system. --- Normal (geometry). --- Null hypersurface. --- Orthonormal basis. --- Partial derivative. --- Poisson's equation. --- Projection (linear algebra). --- Quantity. --- Radial function. --- Ricci curvature. --- Riemann curvature tensor. --- Riemann surface. --- Riemannian geometry. --- Riemannian manifold. --- Sard's theorem. --- Scalar (physics). --- Scalar curvature. --- Scale invariance. --- Schwarzschild metric. --- Second derivative. --- Second fundamental form. --- Sobolev inequality. --- Sobolev space. --- Stokes formula. --- Stokes' theorem. --- Stress–energy tensor. --- Symmetric tensor. --- Symmetrization. --- Tangent space. --- Tensor product. --- Theorem. --- Trace (linear algebra). --- Transversal (geometry). --- Triangle inequality. --- Uniformization theorem. --- Unit sphere. --- Vector field. --- Volume element. --- Wave equation. --- Weyl tensor.