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Income inequality in Latin America ranks among the highest in the world. It can be traced back to the unequal distribution of assets (especially land and education) in the region. But the extent to which asset inequality translates into income inequality depends on the redistributive capacity of the state. This paper documents the performance of Latin American fiscal systems from the perspective of income redistribution using newly-available information on the incidence of taxes and transfers across the region. The findings indicate that: (i) the differences in income inequality before taxes and transfers between Latin America and Western Europe are much more modest than those after taxes and transfers; (ii) the key reason is that, in contrast with industrial countries, in most Latin American countries the fiscal system is of little help in reducing income inequality; and (iii) in countries where fiscal redistribution is significant, it is achieved mostly through transfers rather than taxes. These facts stress the need for fiscal reforms across the region to further the goal of social equity. However, different countries need to place different relative emphasis on raising tax collection, restructuring the tax system, and improving the targeting of expenditures.

Debt Markets --- Economic Theory and Research --- Effective tax rates --- Emerging Markets --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Indirect taxation --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Poverty Impact Evaluation --- Poverty Reduction --- Private Sector Development --- Tax --- Tax collection --- Tax incidence --- Tax rate --- Tax rates --- Tax revenue --- Tax revenues --- Tax system --- Taxation and Subsidies

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Taxation-both corporate and personal-has been held responsible for the low investment and productivity growth rates experienced in the West during the last decade. This book, a comparative study of the taxation of income from capital in the United States, the United Kingdom, Sweden, and West Germany, establishes for the first time a common framework for analysis that permits accurate comparison of tax systems.

Taxes --- Germany --- United States --- United Kingdom --- Sweden --- Saving and investment --- Taxation --- impot sur le capital --- eua --- royaume uni --- suede --- allemagne --- vermogensbelasting --- vsa --- verenigd koninkrijk --- zweden --- duitsland --- Accumulation, Capital --- Capital accumulation --- Capital formation --- Investment and saving --- Saving and thrift --- Capital --- Supply-side economics --- Wealth --- Investments --- Investment income --- Taxation. --- E-books --- Saving and investment - Taxation - United States --- Saving and investment - Taxation - Great Britain --- Saving and investment - Taxation - Sweden --- Saving and investment - Taxation - Germany (West) --- taxation, international, comparison, capital, income, investment, finance, economics, west germany, sweden, united kingdom, america, nonfiction, economy, business, stock, bonds, trade, corporate, personal, productivity, growth, saving, great britain, effective tax rates, firms, development, expansion, commerce, capitalism, government, policy. --- United States of America

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Excise taxes on alcohol and tobacco have long been a dependable and significant revenue source in many countries. More recently, considerable attention has been paid to the way in which such taxes may also be used to attain public health objectives by reducing the consumption of products with adverse health and social impacts. Some have gone further and argued that explicitly earmarking excise taxes on alcohol and tobacco to finance public health expenditures-marrying sin and virtue as it were-will make increasing such taxes more politically acceptable and provide the funding needed to increase such expenditures, especially for the poor. The basic idea-tax "bads" and do "good" with the proceeds-is simple and appealing. But designing and implementing good "sin" taxes is a surprisingly complex task. Earmarking revenues from such taxes for health expenditures may also sound good and be a useful selling point for new taxes. However, such earmarking raises difficult issues with respect to budgetary rigidity and political accountability. This note explores these and other issues that lurk beneath the surface of the attractive concept of using increased sin excises on alcohol and tobacco to finance "virtuous" social spending on public health.

Accounting --- Added tax --- Addiction --- Aged --- Alcohol consumption --- Alcohol taxation --- Alcohol taxes --- Alcoholism --- Alternative minimum tax --- Children --- Crime --- Debt markets --- Differential taxation --- Earmarked tax --- Economic analysis --- Economic development --- Economic efficiency --- Economic theory & research --- Effective tax rates --- Equity --- Evasion --- Exchange --- Excise tax --- Exercises --- Expenditure --- Externalities --- Families --- Finance --- Finance and financial sector development --- Gambling --- Good --- Goods --- Governments --- Health --- Health care --- Health effects --- Health monitoring & evaluation --- Health outcomes --- Health policy --- Health promotion --- Health spending --- Health, nutrition and population --- Implementation --- Indirect taxation --- Inflation --- International bank --- Intervention --- Isolation --- Knowledge --- Labor --- Laws --- Levy --- Local finance --- Local governments --- Macroeconomic conditions --- Macroeconomics and economic growth --- Management --- Market --- Marketing --- Nutrition --- Passive smoking --- People --- Per --- Product taxes --- Psychology --- Public --- Public economics --- Public expenditures --- Public funds --- Public health --- Public revenues --- Regressive taxes --- Regulation --- Revenue --- Revenue sources --- Risks --- Sales taxes --- Services --- Sin tax --- Sin' tax --- Sin' taxes --- Smokers --- Smoking --- Social policy --- Social research --- Social welfare --- Spending --- Stress --- Tax --- Tax administration --- Tax base --- Tax burdens --- Tax changes --- Tax competition --- Tax evasion --- Tax incidence --- Tax increases --- Tax law --- Tax policy --- Tax rate --- Tax receipts --- Tax reduction --- Tax reform --- Tax revenue --- Tax structures --- Tax system --- Taxation --- Taxation & subsidies --- Taxes --- Tobacco tax --- Transparency --- Uniform taxes --- Use taxes --- Value added tax --- Weight