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Studies have shown that learning outcomes are related to the amount of time students engage in learning tasks. However, visits to schools have revealed that students are often taught for only a fraction of the intended time, particularly in lower-income countries. Losses are due to informal school closures, teacher absenteeism, delays, early departures, and sub-optimal use of time in the classroom. A study was undertaken to develop an efficient methodology for measuring instructional time loss. Thus, instructional time use was measured in sampled schools in Tunisia, Morocco, Ghana, and the Brazilian state of Pernambuco. The percentage of time that students were engaged in learning vis-a-vis government expectations was approximately 39 percent in Ghana, 63 percent in Pernambuco, 71 percent in Morocco, and 78 percent in Tunisia. Instructional time use is a mediator variable that is challenging to measure, so it often escapes scrutiny. Research suggests that merely financing the ingredients of instruction is not enough to produce learning outcomes; students must also get sufficient time to process the information. The quantity-quality tradeoff that often accompanies large-scale enrollments may be partly due to instructional time restrictions. Time wastage also distorts budgetary outlays and teacher salary rates. To achieve the Millennium Development Goals students must get more of the time that governments, donors, and parents pay for.

Education --- Education for All --- Educational Quality --- Effective Schools and Teachers --- Human Development --- Instruction --- Learning --- Learning outcomes --- Literacy --- Papers --- Primary Education --- Schools --- Secondary Education --- Social Sciences --- Teacher --- Tertiary Education

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This paper estimates the effect of school-based management on student performance in the Philippines using the administrative dataset of all public schools in 23 school districts over a 3-year period, 2003-2005. The authors test whether schools that received early school-based management interventions (training in school-based management and direct funding for school-based reforms) attained higher average test scores than those that did not receive such inputs. The analysis uses school-level overall composite test scores (comprising all subject areas tested) and test scores in three separate subject areas: English, math, and science. Their preferred estimator, difference-in-difference with propensity score matching, shows that the average treatment effect of participation in school-based management was higher by 1.5 percentage points for overall composite scores, 1.2 percentage points for math scores, 1.4 percentage points for English scores, and 1.8 percentage points for science scores. These results suggest that the introduction of school-based management had a statistically significant, albeit small, overall positive effect on average school-level test scores in 23 school districts in the Philippines. The paper provides a first glimpse of the potential for school-based management in an East Asian context based on available administrative data. The authors suggest that the next order of research is to answer policy-related questions regarding the reforms: what aspects of the reform lead to desired results; are there differential effects across subpopulations; and what are the potential downsides to the reforms? The Philippines is embarking on a nation-wide implementation of school-based management and the authors recommend that mechanisms for rigorous evaluations be advanced simultaneously. Such evaluations should not only provide more accurate estimates of the effectiveness of the reforms, but also help answer policy-related questions regarding design and implementation of those reforms in different socio-cultural contexts.

Curriculum --- Curriculum design --- Curriculum development --- Education --- Education For All --- Education sector --- Educational planning --- Educational quality --- Employment --- Information asymmetries --- Learning --- Literature --- Papers --- Primary Education --- Researchers --- Schools --- Secondary Education --- Student achievement --- Student population --- Teacher --- Teacher training --- Teachers --- Teaching and Learning --- Tertiary Education --- Textbooks --- University department

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The role of improved schooling, a central part of most development strategies, has become controversial because expansion of school attainment has not guaranteed improved economic conditions. This paper reviews the role of education in promoting economic well-being, focusing on the role of educational quality. It concludes that there is strong evidence that the cognitive skills of the population-rather than mere school attainment-are powerfully related to individual earnings, to the distribution of income, and to economic growth. New empirical results show the importance of both minimal and high-level skills, the complementarity of skills and the quality of economic institutions, and the robustness of the relationship between skills and growth. International comparisons incorporating expanded data on cognitive skills reveal much larger skill deficits in developing countries than generally derived from just school enrollment and attainment. The magnitude of change needed makes it clear that closing the economic gap with industrial countries will require major structural changes in schooling institutions.

Access and Equity in Basic Education --- Adult Literacy --- Cognitive Skills --- Education --- Education For All --- Education for All --- Education For All Initiative --- Education Policy --- Educational Outcomes --- Educational Quality --- Effective Schools and Teachers --- Enrollment Rates --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Financial Literacy --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- Knowledge --- Learning --- Literacy Survey --- Population Policies --- Primary Education --- Quality of Education --- Returns to Education --- School --- School Enrollment --- School Improvement --- Schooling --- Schools --- Secondary Education --- Student Outcomes --- Tertiary Education

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This Open Access book summarizes the key findings from the second cycle of IEA’s International Computer and Information Literacy Study (ICILS), conducted in 2018. ICILS seeks to establish how well schools around the globe are responding to the need to provide young people with the necessary digital participatory competencies. Effective use of information and communication technologies (ICT) is an imperative for successful participation in an increasingly digital world. ICILS 2018 explores international differences in students’ computer and information literacy (CIL), namely their ability to use computers to investigate, create, and communicate at home, at school, in the workplace, and in the community. Participating countries also had an option to administer an assessment of students’ computational thinking (CT), focused on their ability to recognize aspects of real-world problems appropriate for computational formulation, and to evaluate and develop algorithmic solutions to those problems, so that the solutions could be operationalized with a computer. The data collected by ICILS 2018 show how digital competencies can be assessed using instruments representing authentic contexts for ICT use, and how students’ CIL and CT skills relate to school learning experiences, out-of-school contexts, and student characteristics. Those data also show how learning technologies are used in classrooms around the world. Background questionnaires asked students about their use of ICT, and collected information from teachers, schools, and national education systems about the resourcing and teaching of CIL (and CT) within their countries. The results of ICILS 2018 will enable policymakers and education systems to develop a better understanding of the contexts and outcomes of CIL (and CT) education programs.

Assessment. --- Educational technology. --- Education—Data processing. --- International education . --- Comparative education. --- Assessment, Testing and Evaluation. --- Technology and Digital Education. --- Computers and Education. --- International and Comparative Education. --- Education, Comparative --- Education --- Global education --- Intellectual cooperation --- Internationalism --- Instructional technology --- Technology in education --- Technology --- Educational innovations --- Instructional systems --- Teaching --- History --- Aids and devices --- Assessment, Testing and Evaluation --- Technology and Digital Education --- Computers and Education --- International and Comparative Education --- Assessment of computer and information literacy --- CIL --- Computer and Information Literacy --- Digital competence --- Education on computer and information literacy --- Educational quality and progress --- ICILS assessment framework --- ICT literacy --- IEA --- IEA Amsterdam --- Int'l Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement --- International computer and information literacy study --- Policy and practice in CIL education --- Students’ engagement with ICT --- Young people’s participation in the digital age --- ICILS 2018 --- Students’ computer and information literacy achievement --- Open Access --- Education: examinations & assessment --- Educational equipment & technology, computer-aided learning (CAL)