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This paper presents new results on the relationship between income inequality and education expansion—that is, increasing average years of schooling and reducing inequality of schooling. When dynamic panel estimation techniques are used to address issues of persistence and endogeneity, we find a large, positive, statistically significant and stable relationship between inequality of schooling and income inequality, especially in emerging and developing economies and among older age cohorts. The relationship between income inequality and average years of schooling is positive, consistent with constant or increasing returns to additional years of schooling. While this positive relationship is small and not always statistically significant, we find a statistically significant negative relationship with years of schooling of younger cohorts. Statistical tests indicate that our dynamic estimators are consistent and that our identifying instruments are valid. Policy simulations suggest that education expansion will continue to be inequality reducing. This role will diminish as countries develop, but it could be enhanced through a stronger focus on reducing inequality in the quality of education.

Income distribution. --- Distribution of income --- Income inequality --- Inequality of income --- Distribution (Economic theory) --- Disposable income --- Econometrics --- Macroeconomics --- Demography --- Distribution: General --- National Government Expenditures and Education --- Education and Inequality --- Aggregate Factor Income Distribution --- Education: General --- Estimation --- Demographic Economics: General --- Education --- Econometrics & economic statistics --- Population & demography --- Income distribution --- Estimation techniques --- Population and demographics --- Econometric models --- Population

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This note will describe recent trends in income inequality in both advanced and developing economies and how tax and expenditure policies have impacted on these trends. It will discuss how tax and expenditure policies should be designed to bring about a more equitable distribution of income, as well as to protect the most vulnerable populations during periods of fiscal consolidation.

Aggregate Factor Income Distribution --- Disposable income --- Distribution: General --- Education and Inequality --- Equity, Justice, Inequality, and Other Normative Criteria and Measurement --- Fiscal Policy --- Fiscal policy --- Income distribution --- Income inequality --- Income --- Macroeconomics --- National accounts --- National income --- Personal income --- Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions --- Public Finance --- Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue: General --- United States

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The inclusiveness of growth depends on the extent of access to economic and social opportunities. This paper applies the concept of social opportunity function to ascertain the inclusiveness of growth episodes in selected African countries. Premised on the concept of social welfare function, inclusive growth is associated with increased average opportunities available to the population and improvement in their distribution. The paper establishes that the high growth episodes in the last decade in the selected countries came with increased average opportunities in education and health; but distribution of such opportunities varied across countries, depending on the country-specific policies underpining the growth episodes.

Economic development --- Development, Economic --- Economic growth --- Growth, Economic --- Economic policy --- Economics --- Statics and dynamics (Social sciences) --- Development economics --- Resource curse --- Africa --- Social conditions. --- Macroeconomics --- Health Policy --- Demography --- Education and Inequality --- Economic Growth and Aggregate Productivity: General --- Education: General --- Health: General --- Analysis of Health Care Markets --- Demographic Economics: General --- Education --- Health economics --- Health systems & services --- Population & demography --- Health --- Health care --- Population and demographics --- Inclusive growth --- Medical care --- Population --- Ghana

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Epidemics have disrupted lives for centuries with deleterious human capital and economic repercussions. In this paper, we investigate how epidemics episodes have impacted school dropouts in developing countries, considering 623 epidemics episodes across countries from 1970 to 2019. Our estimates show that, on average, epidemics reduce completion rates by about 2.6 and 2.1 percentage points in primary and lower secondary education respectively, with girls more severely affected than boys. Using detailed micro data for Senegal, we also estimate the potential loss of lifelong earnings and find that the potential labor earnings loss from dropping out of primary and secondary school is almost double for girls than for boys.

Macroeconomics --- Economics: General --- Labor --- Women''s Studies' --- Education and Inequality --- Education and Economic Development --- Measurement of Economic Growth --- Aggregate Productivity --- Cross-Country Output Convergence --- Education: General --- Wages, Compensation, and Labor Costs: General --- Human Capital --- Skills --- Occupational Choice --- Labor Productivity --- Economics of Gender --- Non-labor Discrimination --- Economic & financial crises & disasters --- Economics of specific sectors --- Education --- Labour --- income economics --- Gender studies --- women & girls --- Wages --- Human capital --- Women --- Gender --- Currency crises --- Informal sector --- Economics --- Senegal

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Epidemics have disrupted lives for centuries with deleterious human capital and economic repercussions. In this paper, we investigate how epidemics episodes have impacted school dropouts in developing countries, considering 623 epidemics episodes across countries from 1970 to 2019. Our estimates show that, on average, epidemics reduce completion rates by about 2.6 and 2.1 percentage points in primary and lower secondary education respectively, with girls more severely affected than boys. Using detailed micro data for Senegal, we also estimate the potential loss of lifelong earnings and find that the potential labor earnings loss from dropping out of primary and secondary school is almost double for girls than for boys.

Senegal --- Macroeconomics --- Economics: General --- Labor --- Women''s Studies' --- Education and Inequality --- Education and Economic Development --- Measurement of Economic Growth --- Aggregate Productivity --- Cross-Country Output Convergence --- Education: General --- Wages, Compensation, and Labor Costs: General --- Human Capital --- Skills --- Occupational Choice --- Labor Productivity --- Economics of Gender --- Non-labor Discrimination --- Economic & financial crises & disasters --- Economics of specific sectors --- Education --- Labour --- income economics --- Gender studies --- women & girls --- Wages --- Human capital --- Women --- Gender --- Currency crises --- Informal sector --- Economics --- Income economics --- Women & girls --- Women's Studies