Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

SOCIAL PROGRESS IN 20 CENTURY --- ECONOMIC PROGRESS IN 20 CENTURY --- TECHNICAL PROGRESS IN 20 CENTURY --- Economic History --- Technology --- Progress --- Economic history --- Industrial arts --- Progress.

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

Much of the developing world has experienced a decline in mortality, while fertility often has remained high. This has produced youthful populations in many countries, generally referred to as "youth bulges." Recent empirical research suggests that youth bulges may be associated with increased risks of political violence and conflict. This paper addresses ways that education may serve as a strategy to reduce the risk of political violence, particularly in the context of large cohorts of young males. The authors use a new education dataset measuring educational attainment. The dataset is constructed using demographic back-projection techniques, and offers uninterrupted time-series data for 120 countries. The empirical analysis finds evidence that large, young male population bulges are more likely to increase the risk of conflict in societies where male secondary education is low. The effect on conflict risk by low education and large youth populations is particularly strong in low and middle-income countries. This is especially challenging for Sub-Saharan Africa, the region facing the youngest age structure and the lowest educational attainment levels. Although quantitative studies generally find a strong relationship between indicators of development and conflict risk, the results suggest that poor countries do have some leverage over reducing conflict potential through increased educational opportunities for young people. There is further evidence that the interaction of large youth cohorts and low education levels may be mediated by structural economic factors. The study supports broad policy interventions in education by relaxing concerns about the consequences of rapid educational expansion.

Access and Equity in Basic Education --- Adolescent Health --- Armed Conflict --- Civil War --- Economic demography --- Economic growth --- Economic progress --- Education --- Educational attainment --- Fertility --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- Mortality --- Peace --- Policy Research --- Population Policies --- Primary Education --- Progress --- Secondary education --- Social Development --- Sustainable Development --- UNFPA --- United Nations Population Fund --- Young male --- Young men --- Young people --- Youth and Government

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

In the global economy, linguistic diversity influences economic and political development as well as public policies in positive and negative ways. It leads to financial costs, communication barriers, divisions in national unity, and, in some extreme cases, conflicts and war--but it also produces benefits related to group and individual identity. What are the specific advantages and disadvantages of linguistic diversity and how does it influence social and economic progress? This book examines linguistic diversity as a global social phenomenon and considers what degree of linguistic variety might result in the greatest economic good. Victor Ginsburgh and Shlomo Weber look at linguistic proximity between groups and between languages. They describe and use simple economic, linguistic, and statistical tools to measure diversity's impact on growth, development, trade, the quality of institutions, translation issues, voting patterns in multinational competitions, and the likelihood and intensity of civil conflicts. They address the choosing of core languages in a multilingual community, such as the European Union, and argue that although too many official languages might harm cohesiveness, efficiency, and communication, reducing their number brings about alienation and disenfranchisement of groups. Demonstrating that the value and drawbacks of linguistic diversity are universal, How Many Languages Do We Need? suggests ways for designing appropriate linguistic policies for today's multilingual world.

Language and languages. --- Foreign languages --- Languages --- Anthropology --- Communication --- Ethnology --- Information theory --- Meaning (Psychology) --- Philology --- Linguistics --- Sociolinguistics. --- Language and languages --- Characterology of speech --- Language diversity --- Language subsystems --- Language variation --- Linguistic diversity --- Variation in language --- Language and society --- Society and language --- Sociology of language --- Language and culture --- Sociology --- Integrational linguistics (Oxford school) --- Economic aspects. --- Variation. --- Social aspects --- Sociological aspects --- Sociolinguistics --- Variation --- Economic aspects --- E-books --- 202 --- 8 --- AA / International- internationaal --- 800 --- 800 Taalwetenschap. Taalkunde. Linguistiek --- Taalwetenschap. Taalkunde. Linguistiek --- Filologie. Letterkunde. --- Philologie. Littérature. --- Philology. Literature. --- 8 Filologie. Letterkunde. --- 8 Philologie. Littérature. --- 8 Philology. Literature. --- Sociale organisatie --- Filologie. Letterkunde --- European Union. --- Eurovision Song Contest. --- Newton's law. --- communication indices. --- core language. --- cultural distance. --- culture. --- disenfranchisement indices. --- disenfranchisement. --- economic progress. --- efficiency. --- foreign language. --- fractionalization indices. --- genetics. --- global economy. --- group identity. --- individual identity. --- inter-country differences. --- international trade. --- language learning. --- language policy. --- language proficiency. --- language standardization. --- language. --- linguistic distance. --- linguistic diversity. --- linguistic policy. --- literary translation. --- migration. --- multilingual community. --- multilingualism. --- polarization indices. --- universal gravitation. --- voting behavior. --- Variation (Linguistique) --- Langage et langues --- Sociolinguistique --- Aspect économique --- Economic order --- LINGUISTIC POLICIES -- 301.188.2 --- Language and languages Economic aspects --- Language and languages - Variation --- Language and languages - Economic aspects

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

Since we introduced the term "middle-income trap" in 2006, it has become popular among policy makers and researchers. In May 2015, a search of Google Scholar returned more than 3,000 articles including the term and about 300 articles with the term in the title. This paper provides a (non-exhaustive) survey of this literature. The paper then discusses what, in retrospect, we missed when we coined the term. Today, based on developments in East Asia, Latin America, and Central Europe during the past decade, we would have paid more attention to demographic factors, entrepreneurship, and external institutional anchors. We would also make it clearer that to us, the term was as much the absence of a satisfactory theory that could inform development policy in middle-income economies as the articulation of a development phenomenon. Three-quarters of the people in the world now live in middle-income economies, but economists have yet to provide a reliable theory of growth to help policy makers navigate the transition from middle- to high-income status. Hybrids of the Solow-Swan and Lucas-Romer models are not unhelpful, but they are poor substitutes for a well-constructed growth framework.

Advanced countries --- Advanced country --- Agriculture --- Balance sheet --- Banking --- Bankruptcy --- Barriers --- Benchmark --- Benchmarks --- Capital --- Capital account --- Capital accumulation --- Capital flow --- Capital investment --- Capital investments --- Capital markets --- Carbon emissions --- Central bank --- Climate change economics --- Closed economies --- Comparative advantage --- Competition --- Competitiveness --- Currency --- Currency risk --- Customers --- Decentralization --- Democracy --- Demographic --- Deregulation --- Developing countries --- Development --- Development economics --- Development policy --- Dividend --- Economic development --- Economic developments --- Economic geography --- Economic growth --- Economic outlook --- Economic performance --- Economic progress --- Economic rents --- Economic research --- Economic structures --- Economic theory & research --- Economics --- Economy --- Efficient capital --- Elasticity --- Emerging economies --- Emerging markets --- Entry point --- Environmental sustainability --- Equity --- Exchange --- Exchange rate --- Exchange rates --- Expectations --- Exports --- External finance --- Externalities --- Federal reserve --- Financial crisis --- Financial markets --- Financial sector --- Flexible exchange rates --- Foreign direct investment --- Foreign investors --- Foreign markets --- Free trade --- Future --- GDP --- GDP per capita --- Global economic prospects --- Globalization --- Goods --- Governance --- Growth models --- Growth potential --- Growth rate --- Growth rates --- Growth theories --- Growth theory --- Human capital --- Incentives --- Income --- Income levels --- Incomes --- Industrialization --- Inequality --- Infrastructure investments --- Institutional capacity --- Institutional infrastructure --- Intellectual property --- Interest --- International finance --- International trade --- Investment --- Investments --- Investors --- Knowledge economy --- Labor market --- Labor markets --- Labor policies --- Liberalization --- Liquidity --- Low-income countries --- Macroeconomic management --- Macroeconomic performance --- Macroeconomics and economic growth --- Market conditions --- Market prices --- Markets --- Mic traps --- Middle income countries --- Middle-income countries --- Middle-income country --- Middle-income economies --- Monetary policy --- Money market --- National income --- Natural resources --- Open economies --- Patents --- Per capita income --- Per capita incomes --- Political economy --- Political power --- Poverty reduction --- Price --- Prices --- Private sector development --- Productivity --- Productivity growth --- Property rights --- Protectionism --- Public policy --- Rapid growth --- Real estate --- Regional integration --- Rent --- Risk management --- Safety nets --- Share --- Social capital --- Social protections and labor --- Social safety nets --- Startups --- Structural change --- Sustainable development --- Taxes --- Technological change --- Theory --- Total factor productivity --- Total factor productivity growth --- Trade --- Trade diversion --- Trade liberalization --- Trade negotiations --- Trade policy --- Trends --- Unemployment --- Unemployment rates --- Urbanization --- Value --- Value added --- Variables --- Venture capital --- Volatility --- Wage growth --- Wages --- World development indicators --- WTO