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Turkey's poverty reduction performance in the 2000s has been remarkably consistent. Extreme and moderate poverty have fallen considerably since 2003. Between 2002 and 2011, extreme poverty fell from 13 percent to 5 percent, while moderate poverty halved from 44 percent to 22 percent (respectively, defined using the World Bank's Europe and Central Asia regional poverty lines of 2.5 and 5 USD/PPP). Most of this poverty reduction (89 percent) has been driven by growth, a performance consistent with most countries in Europe and Central Asia. This is substantially different form the recent performance of other regions, such as Latin America, where redistribution contributed to poverty reduction almost four times more than in Turkey. Turkey has also achieved sustained consumption growth of the bottom 40 percent of the population, even during the years of the world recession. Turkey's performance in poverty reduction and increased shared prosperity has been complemented by the systematic expansion of the middle class by 20 percentage points. This paper analyzes the main drivers of poverty reduction, shared prosperity, and changes in inequality in Turkey from 2002 to 2011. The analysis shows that labor markets, demographics, pensions, and social assistance have played a critical role in this process. It further explores some of the mechanisms that have facilitated these changes.

Decompositions --- Economic Mobility --- Inequality --- Inequality: Shared Prosperity --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Middle Class --- Poverty --- Poverty Reduction --- Rural Poverty Reduction

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Despite significant improvements in per capita expenditures and a marked decline in poverty over the 2000s, a large fraction of Eastern Europe and Central Asias population reports their economic situation in the late 2000s to be worse than in 1989. This paper uses data from the Life in Transition Survey to document the gap between objective and subjective economic mobility and investigate what may drive this apparent disconnection. The paper aims at identifying some of the drivers behind subjective perceptions of economic mobility, focusing on the role of perceptions of fairness and trust in shaping peoples perceptions of their upward or downward mobility. The results show that close to half of the households in the region perceive to have experienced downward economic mobility, that is, that their position in the income distribution has deteriorated. The results also show that perceptions of higher inequality, unfairness, and distrust in public institutions are associated with downward subjective economic mobility. The findings from this study confirm that factors beyond objective well-being are associated with the perceptions of mobility observed in Europe and Central Asia and may explain why the region has had such a pessimistic view of economic mobility during the past two decades. Understanding what drives peoples perceptions of their living standards and quality of life is important, because regardless of objective measures, perceptions could influence peoples behavior, including support for reforms and labor market decisions. For Eastern Europe and Central Asia, a region that has undergone substantive transformations and which is still going through a reform process, accounting for these aspects is critical.

Economic mobility --- Economic theory & research --- Inequality --- Labor markets --- Labor policies --- Macroeconomics and economic growth --- Poverty reduction --- Relative well-being --- Social protections and labor --- Subjective well-being --- Trust --- Unfairness

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Tajikistan was one of the fastest growing countries in the Europe and Central Asia region during the last decade. The economic growth was widely shared by the population and as a result poverty (measured by the national poverty line) declined from 73 percent in 2003 to 47 percent in 2009 accompanied by falling inequality. Consumption growth of the bottom 40 percent of the population-a measure of shared prosperity proposed by the World Bank- was positive, pointing out that the growth was shared among the less well off. This work presents a diagnostic of shared prosperity and poverty reduction in Tajikistan during 2003-2009. The paper also focuses on quantifying the main drivers of poverty reduction, shared prosperity, and intra-generational mobility (class transitions). Some of the mechanisms of poverty reduction are explored in detail. Finally, main impediments to inter-generational mobility are discussed.

Decompositions --- Economic Mobility --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- Inequality --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Middle Class --- Population Policies --- Poverty --- Poverty Reduction --- Rural Poverty Reduction --- Shared Prosperity

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"Two unequal worlds of work exist within the upscale restaurant scene of Los Angeles. White, college-educated servers operate in the front of the house--also known as the public areas of the restaurant--while Latino immigrants toil in the back of the house and out of customer view. In Front of the House, Back of the House, Eli Revelle Yano Wilson shows us what keeps these workers apart, exploring race, class, and gender inequalities in the food service industry. Drawing on research at three different high-end restaurants in Los Angeles, Wilson highlights why these inequalities persist in the twenty-first century, pointing to discriminatory hiring and supervisory practices that ultimately grant educated whites access to the most desirable positions. Additionally, he shows us how workers navigate these inequalities under the same roof, making sense of their jobs, their identities, and each other in a world that reinforces their separateness.Front of the House, Back of the House takes us behind the scenes of the food service industry, providing a window into the unequal lives of white and Latino restaurant workers." -- "Front of the House, Back of the House explores race and inequality in the lives of restaurant workers"--

Restaurants --- Hispanic Americans --- Discrimination in employment --- Restaurant management --- Employees. --- Employment. --- United States. --- Brown-Collar Labor. --- Economic Mobility. --- Labor Inequalities. --- Labor Inequality. --- Labor Politics. --- Management Structures. --- Restaurant Inequality. --- Service Industry. --- Service Inequality. --- Social Inequality. --- Sociology of Labor. --- Sociology of Work. --- Worker Mobility. --- Workplace Inequality.

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The complex relationships between altruists, beneficiaries, and brokers in the global effort to fight AIDS in AfricaIn the wake of the AIDS pandemic, legions of organizations and compassionate individuals descended on Africa from faraway places to offer their help and save lives. A Fraught Embrace shows how the dreams of these altruists became entangled with complex institutional and human relationships. Ann Swidler and Susan Cotts Watkins vividly describe the often mismatched expectations and fantasies of those who seek to help, of the villagers who desperately seek help, and of the brokers on whom both Western altruists and impoverished villagers must rely.Based on years of fieldwork in the heavily AIDS-affected country of Malawi, this powerful book digs into the sprawling AIDS enterprise and unravels the paradoxes of AIDS policy and practice. All who want to do good-from idealistic volunteers to world-weary development professionals-depend on brokers as guides, fixers, and cultural translators. These irreplaceable but frequently unseen local middlemen are the human connection between altruists' dreams and the realities of global philanthropy.The mutual misunderstandings among donors, brokers, and villagers-each with their own desires and moral imaginations-create all the drama of a romance: longing, exhilaration, disappointment, heartache, and sometimes an enduring connection. Personal stories, public scandals, and intersecting, sometimes clashing fantasies bring the lofty intentions of AIDS altruism firmly down to earth.Swidler and Watkins ultimately argue that altruists could accomplish more good, not by seeking to transform African lives but by helping Africans achieve their own goals. A Fraught Embrace unveils the tangled relations of those involved in the collective struggle to contain an epidemic.

Voluntarism --- Antiretroviral agents --- Non-governmental organizations --- HIV infections --- AIDS (Disease) --- Anti-retroviral agents --- Antiretroviral drugs --- Antiretrovirals --- Antiviral agents --- INGOs (International agencies) --- International non-governmental organizations --- NGOs (International agencies) --- Nongovernmental organizations --- Organizations, Non-governmental (International agencies) --- Private and voluntary organizations (International agencies) --- PVOs (International agencies) --- International agencies --- Nonprofit organizations --- HIV (Viruses) infections --- HTLV-III infections --- HTLV-III-LAV infections --- Human T-lymphotropic virus III infections --- Lentivirus infections --- Sexually transmitted diseases --- Acquired immune deficiency syndrome --- Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome --- Acquired immunological deficiency syndrome --- Immunological deficiency syndromes --- Virus-induced immunosuppression --- Voluntary action --- Volunteer work --- Volunteering --- Volunteerism --- National service --- Associations, institutions, etc. --- Social aspects --- Patients --- Services for --- AIDS altruism. --- AIDS enterprise. --- AIDS money. --- AIDS organizations. --- AIDS pandemic. --- AIDS policy. --- AIDS. --- Africa. --- African aid. --- Africans. --- Global Fund. --- HIV virus. --- HIV. --- Malawi. --- Malawian brokers. --- Malawians. --- NGOs. --- PEPFAR. --- Save the Children. --- USAID. --- Unites States. --- aid chain. --- altruism. --- altruists. --- beneficiary. --- bilateral donors. --- brokers. --- career aspirations. --- counseling. --- cultural practices. --- donors. --- economic mobility. --- education. --- epidemic. --- evaluation. --- fighting stigma. --- foreign altruists. --- funders. --- global AIDS system. --- global philanthropy. --- guides. --- harmful practices. --- institutional altruists. --- journalists. --- lock donors. --- malice. --- merit. --- middlemen. --- miracles. --- mutual aid. --- orphans. --- poverty. --- project evaluation. --- routinized activities. --- sexual practices. --- testimonials. --- training. --- villagers. --- vulnerable women.