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Book
Theory of Zipf's Law and Beyond
Authors: --- ---
ISBN: 3642029469 3642029450 3642029477 9786612832673 1282832670 Year: 2010 Publisher: Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg : Imprint: Springer,

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Abstract

Zipf's law is one of the few quantitative reproducible regularities found in economics. It states that, for most countries, the size distributions of city sizes and of firms are power laws with a specific exponent: the number of cities and of firms with sizes greater than S is inversely proportional to S. Zipf's law also holds in many other scientific fields. Most explanations start with Gibrat's law of proportional growth (also known as "preferential attachment'' in the application to network growth) but need to incorporate additional constraints and ingredients introducing deviations from it. This book presents a general theoretical derivation of Zipf's law, providing a synthesis and extension of previous approaches. The general theory is presented in the language of firm dynamics for the sake of convenience but applies to many other systems. It takes into account (i) time-varying firm creation, (ii) firm's exit resulting from both a lack of sufficient capital and sudden external shocks, (iii) the coupling between firm's birth rate and the growth of the value of the population of firms. The robustness of Zipf's law is understood from the approximate validity of a general balance condition. A classification of the mechanisms responsible for deviations from Zipf's law is also offered.

Geography and trade
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ISBN: 9061864569 0262111594 9789061864561 9780262111591 Year: 1991 Volume: vol *2 Publisher: Cambridge (MA) : Leuven : M.I.T. Press Leuven university press = Universitaire pers Leuven,


Book
Economic geography : the integration of regions and nations
Authors: --- ---
ISBN: 9780691139425 9780691124599 0691139423 Year: 2008 Publisher: Princeton : Princeton University Press,

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Book
Uncertainties in environmental modelling and consequences for policy making
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ISBN: 9048126355 9048126363 9048126347 Year: 2009 Publisher: Dordrecht, Netherlands : Springer,

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Abstract

Mathematical modelling has become in recent years an essential tool for the prediction of environmental change and for the development of sustainable policies. Yet, many of the uncertainties associated with modelling efforts appear poorly understood by many, especially by policy makers. This book attempts for the first time to cover the full range of issues related to model uncertainties, from the subjectivity of setting up a conceptual model of a given system, all the way to communicating the nature of model uncertainties to non-scientists and accounting for model uncertainties in policy decisions. Theoretical chapters, providing background information on specific steps in the modelling process and in the adoption of models by end-users, are complemented by illustrative case studies dealing with soils and global climate change. All the chapters are authored by recognized experts in their respective disciplines, and provide a timely and uniquely comprehensive coverage of an important field.

Keywords

Economic geography -- Congresses. --- Economic geography -- Mathematical models -- Congresses. --- Environmental auditing -- Mathematical models. --- Environmental impact analysis. --- Environmental policy. --- Environmental reporting. --- Hydrographic surveying -- Mathematical models -- Congresses. --- Uncertainty (Information theory). --- Environmental auditing --- Uncertainty (Information theory) --- Mathematical models. --- Environment and state --- Environmental control --- Environmental management --- Environmental protection --- Environmental quality --- State and environment --- Measure of uncertainty (Information theory) --- Shannon's measure of uncertainty --- System uncertainty --- Green reporting --- Reporting, Environmental --- Reporting, Green --- Auditing, Environmental --- Environmental accounting --- Environmental compliance auditing --- Green accounting --- Analysis of environmental impact --- Environmental assessment --- Environmental impact assessment --- Environmental impact evaluation --- Impact analysis, Environmental --- Government policy --- Earth sciences. --- Climate change. --- Environmental sciences. --- Environmental law. --- Environmental management. --- Nature conservation. --- Earth Sciences. --- Environmental Science and Engineering. --- Nature Conservation. --- Environmental Law/Policy/Ecojustice. --- Math. Appl. in Environmental Science. --- Environmental Management. --- Climate Change Management and Policy. --- Conservation of nature --- Nature --- Nature protection --- Protection of nature --- Conservation of natural resources --- Applied ecology --- Conservation biology --- Endangered ecosystems --- Natural areas --- Environmental stewardship --- Stewardship, Environmental --- Environmental sciences --- Management --- Environment law --- Environmental policy --- Law --- Sustainable development --- Environmental science --- Science --- Changes, Climatic --- Climate change --- Climate changes --- Climate variations --- Climatic change --- Climatic changes --- Climatic fluctuations --- Climatic variations --- Global climate changes --- Global climatic changes --- Climatology --- Climate change mitigation --- Teleconnections (Climatology) --- Geosciences --- Physical sciences --- Conservation --- Law and legislation --- Environmental aspects --- Information measurement --- Probabilities --- Questions and answers --- Corporation reports --- Environmental engineering --- Environmental impact analysis --- Environmental reporting --- Environmental monitoring --- Changes in climate --- Climate change science

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