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Im Zentrum steht die Frage, wie in Mittelalter und Früher Neuzeit Risiken wahrgenommen und bewältigt wurden. Dabei wird der Akzent auf Semantiken und Narrative des Risikos und ihren Zusammenhang mit Praktiken der aktiven Bewältigung von Risiken gesetzt. Unterschiedliche soziale Felder, auf denen Risiken eine besondere Herausforderung für die historischen Akteure darstellten, geraten so in den Blick. The focus of this volume is on the perception and management of risk in the Middle Ages and early modernity. The accent is on the semantics and narratives of risk and their connection to active risk-management practices. Thus, the authors examine a range of fields where risk represented a special challenge for historical actors.

Civilization --- Barbarism --- Civilisation --- Auxiliary sciences of history --- Culture --- World Decade for Cultural Development, 1988-1997 --- History --- Natural risks. --- economic risk. --- military risk. --- narratives of risk.

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The authors propose a financial model to address the design of efficient risk financing strategies against natural disasters at the country level. It is simple enough to shed analytical light on some of the key issues but flexible and realistic enough to provide some quantitative guidance on the ex ante financing of catastrophic losses. The risk financing problem is decomposed into two steps. First, the resource gap, defined as the difference between losses and available ex-post resources (such as post-disaster aid), is identified. It determines the losses to be financed by ex ante financial instruments (reserves, catastrophe insurance, and contingent debt). Second, the cost-minimizing financial arrangements are derived from the marginal costs of the financial instruments. The model is solved through a series of graphical analyses that make this complex financial problem easier to apprehend. This model captures and explains the main impacts of financial parameters (such as insurance premium, cost of capital) on efficient risk financing structures.

Bank Policy --- Banks and Banking Reform --- Contingent Debt --- Currencies and Exchange Rates --- Debt Markets --- Developing Countries --- Economic Risk --- Emerging Markets --- Environment --- Exchange --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Financial Instruments --- Financial Intermediation --- Financial Literacy --- Financial Markets --- Hazard Risk Management --- Insurance --- Insurance and Risk Mitigation --- Insurance Markets --- Insurance Penetration --- Insurance Premium --- Interest --- Lending --- Market --- Natural Disasters --- Non Bank Financial Institutions --- Poverty --- Private Sector Development --- Reserves --- Risk Exposure --- Risk Management --- Safety Net --- Urban Development

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In An Age of Risk, Emily Nacol shows that risk, now treated as a permanent feature of our lives, did not always govern understandings of the future. Focusing on the epistemological, political, and economic writings of Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, David Hume, and Adam Smith, Nacol explains that in seventeenth- and eighteenth-century Britain, political and economic thinkers reimagined the future as a terrain of risk, characterized by probabilistic calculation, prediction, and control.In these early modern sources, Nacol contends, we see three crucial developments in thought on risk and politics. While early modern thinkers differentiated uncertainty about the future from probabilistic calculations of risk, they remained attentive to the ways uncertainty and risk remained in a conceptual tangle, a problem that constrained good decision making. They developed sophisticated theories of trust and credit as crucial background conditions for prudent risk-taking, and offered complex depictions of the relationships and behaviors that would make risk-taking more palatable. They also developed two narratives that persist in subsequent accounts of risk-risk as a threat to security, and risk as an opportunity for profit. Looking at how these narratives are entwined in early modern thought, Nacol locates the origins of our own ambivalence about risk-taking. By the end of the eighteenth century, she argues, a new type of political actor would emerge from this ambivalence, one who approached risk with fear rather than hope.By placing a fresh lens on early modern writing, An Age of Risk demonstrates how new and evolving orientations toward risk influenced approaches to politics and commerce that continue to this day.

Economics --- Risk --- History --- Philosophy. --- Adam Smith. --- David Hume. --- John Locke. --- Lockean political trust. --- Michel Foucault. --- Thomas Hobbes. --- civil war. --- commerce. --- commercial actors. --- early modern Britain. --- early modern period. --- economic risk. --- eighteenth century. --- future uncertainty. --- geometry. --- human ambivalence. --- knowledge. --- liberalism. --- mercantile policies. --- monopolies. --- moral theory. --- nineteenth century. --- philosophical skepticism. --- political authority. --- political economy. --- political order. --- political risk. --- political subject. --- political theory. --- political thought. --- political trust. --- probabilistic calculation. --- probability. --- risk control. --- risk prediction. --- risk taking. --- risk-taking. --- risk. --- safe political community. --- security threat. --- seventeenth century. --- uncertainty. --- unknown future. --- writings.