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This paper shows that in theory and BLS microdata, the prices of imported goods respond to the exchange rates (ER) of the producer's foreign competitors. In contrast, standard models have no role for competitors' ERs. Excluding the effects of competitors' exchange rates typically biases upwards estimates of bilateral exchange rate pass-through because competitors' ERs and bilateral ERs are positively correlated. A multi-country version of Atkeson and Burstein's (2008) industry aggregation model is able to explain a sizable proportion of pass-through of competitors' exchange rates to import prices, and also predicts pass-through of foreign competitors' prices and pass-through of competitors' ERs to US producer prices-both of which are supported in the data. The results suggest that pass-through will be larger for ER movements shared by a greater fraction of foreign competitor countries.

Competitor --- Data --- Economic Modeling --- Exchange Rates --- Foreign Investment --- Markets --- Safety Net

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Oil resources usually play a significant role in oil-rich countries, in gross domestic product and government revenues. High dependence of government revenues on oil can contribute to severe recession following an adverse commodity price shock, such as in 2014. This paper examines the extent to which a fiscal rule or stabilization fund could translate into a less pro-cyclical fiscal policy, with the government saving part of its oil revenues during periods of high prices and drawing down on the savings during difficult periods. Using the macro-structural model MFMod, the paper presents, evaluates, and discusses the strengths and weaknesses of different oil revenue management mechanisms applied to the specific case of Chad. The scenarios demonstrate that a well-designed management rule can successfully insulate the public budget from the oil price cycle, resulting in a significant reduction in the volatility of the economy.

Economic Modeling --- Energy Policies and Economics --- Fiscal and Monetary Policy --- Fiscal Policy --- Fiscal Rules --- Macroeconomic Management --- Oil and Gas --- Oil Prices --- Oil Revenue Management --- Procyclical Policy

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As the effects of climate change become increasingly evident, the design and implementation of climate-aware policies have assumed a more central role in the macroeconomic policy debate. With this has come an increasing recognition of the importance of introducing climate into the economic policy making tools used by central economic policy making agencies (such as ministries of finance and ministries of planning). This paper integrates climate outcomes into a macro-structural model for Pakistan, the kind of model that is suitable for use on a regular basis by ministry staff. The model includes the standard set of variables and economic logic that are necessary for the kinds of forecasting, economic policy, and budgetary planning analysis typically conducted by central ministries. In addition to standard outputs (unemployment, inflation, gross domestic product growth, and fiscal and current accounts), the model generates climate outcomes (tons of carbon emitted and economic and health damages due to higher temperatures and pollution). These outcomes are generated when specific climate policies such as mitigation are analyzed, but also when other policies are analyzed that might have unanticipated climate impacts. The paper describes the changes made to the World Bank's standard macro structural model, MFMod, in integrated climate outcomes, climate policies, and the economic impacts of climate on Pakistan's economy. Notably, carbon-tax scenarios show that a USD 20 carbon tax can reduce emissions in Pakistan by 36 percent by 2050. Gross domestic product impacts could also be positive, if the revenues from the carbon tax were used to reduce reliance on heavily distorting taxes. The model also quantifies associated co-benefits from reduced local air pollution and better health and productivity outcomes. In the absence of action to restrain climate change, the model suggests that increased temperatures and rain variability could reduce output by as much as 10 percent compared with a scenario where global temperature rises were minimized.

Adaptation To Climate Change --- Carbon Policy and Trading --- Carbon Pricing --- Climate Change --- Climate Change and Environment --- Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases --- Economic Modeling --- Environment --- Environmental Economics and Policies --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Taxation and Subsidies

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Optimal Transport Methods in Economics is the first textbook on the subject written especially for students and researchers in economics. Optimal transport theory is used widely to solve problems in mathematics and some areas of the sciences, but it can also be used to understand a range of problems in applied economics, such as the matching between job seekers and jobs, the determinants of real estate prices, and the formation of matrimonial unions. This is the first text to develop clear applications of optimal transport to economic modeling, statistics, and econometrics. It covers the basic results of the theory as well as their relations to linear programming, network flow problems, convex analysis, and computational geometry. Emphasizing computational methods, it also includes programming examples that provide details on implementation. Applications include discrete choice models, models of differential demand, and quantile-based statistical estimation methods, as well as asset pricing models.Authoritative and accessible, Optimal Transport Methods in Economics also features numerous exercises throughout that help you develop your mathematical agility, deepen your computational skills, and strengthen your economic intuition.The first introduction to the subject written especially for economistsIncludes programming examplesFeatures numerous exercises throughoutIdeal for students and researchers alike

Transportation problems (Programming) --- Economics --- Transport problems (Programming) --- Mathematical models. --- Economics, Mathematical --- Linear programming --- Mathematical models --- E-books --- Monge problem. --- MongeЋantorovich problem. --- applied economics. --- computation. --- computational geometry. --- convex analysis. --- dual minimizers. --- dual problem. --- duality. --- econometrics. --- economic modeling. --- economic output. --- economics. --- equilibrium transport. --- generalized convexity. --- hedonic equilibria. --- inversion demand. --- linear programming. --- marginal probability distributions. --- matching surplus. --- network flow problems. --- optimal assignment. --- optimal network flow. --- optimal transport theory. --- optimal transport. --- polar factorization theorem. --- positive assortative matching. --- primal problem. --- quantile regression. --- quantile transform. --- statistics. --- worker assignment. --- worker distribution. --- Transport. Traffic