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Throughout their life cycles—from production, usage, through to disposal—materials and products interact with the environment (water, soil, and air). At the same time, they are exposed to environmental influences and, through their emissions, have an impact on the environment, people, and health. Accelerated experimental testing processes can be used to predict the long-term environmental consequences of innovative products before these actually enter the environment. We are living in a material world. Building materials, geosynthetics, wooden toys, soil, nanomaterials, composites, wastes and more are research subjects examined by the authors of this book. The interactions of materials with the environment are manifold. Therefore, it is important to assess the environmental impact of these interactions. Some answers to how this task can be achieved are given in this Special Issue.

Research & information: general --- Environmental economics --- environmental simulations --- polymer-based products --- artificial weathering --- degradation --- leaching --- soil contact --- carbon concrete composite --- irrigated construction elements --- environmental compatibility --- irrigated building materials --- environmental assessment --- evaluation concepts --- bio-based insulation --- earthen building materials --- volatile organic compounds --- semi-volatile organic compounds --- formaldehyde --- radon --- wooden toys --- emission test chamber --- flask method --- EN 717-3 --- microchamber --- Enchytraeids --- waterproof building materials --- ecotoxicology --- biotest --- geosynthetics --- geotextiles --- dynamic surface leaching test --- artificial ageing --- marine littering --- batch leaching test --- liquid-solid ratio --- column percolation test --- advection-dispersion model --- adsorption–desorption equilibrium --- clinoptilolite --- soil --- water --- CEC --- specific surface --- zeolitization --- hydrogen storage --- kinetics --- material life cycle assessment --- Eco-Indicator 99’ --- CML 2001 --- calcium phosphate --- calcium carbonate --- recycling --- environmental problems --- seashell --- leaching test --- equilibrium condition --- non-equilibrium condition --- modelling --- sorption kinetics --- non-linear sorption --- heterogeneity --- mineral recycling material --- compliance testing --- nano titanium dioxide (nTiO2) --- engineered nanomaterial (ENM) --- sewage sludge incineration (SSI) --- ENM containing sewage sludge ash (SSA) --- column elution --- agricultural use --- n/a --- adsorption-desorption equilibrium --- Eco-Indicator 99'

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This Special Issue on “LCA of Energy Systems” contains inspiring contributions on assessing the sustainability of novel technologies destined to shape the future of our energy sector. These include battery-based and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, geothermal energy, hydropower, biomass gasification, national electricity systems, and waste incineration. The analysis of trends and singularities will be invaluable to product designers, engineers, and policy makers. Furthermore, these exercises also contribute to refining the life cycle framework and harmonizing methodological decisions. Our hope is that this should be a step toward promoting the use of science and knowledge to shape a better world for everyone.

life cycle assessment --- battery electric vehicle (BEV) --- plug-in electric vehicle --- energy --- greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions --- thermodynamic modeling --- exergy --- e-waste --- secondary copper smelting --- precious metal recovery --- printed circuit board --- coalbed methane development --- risk assessment --- structural entropy weight method --- matter-element extension method --- LCA --- Spain --- renewables --- electricity --- sustainability --- carbon footprint --- employment --- LCOE --- CHP --- biomass --- gasification --- SOFC --- allocation --- multifunctionality --- geothermal energy --- flash technology --- Bagnore power plant --- pedigree matrix --- carbon dioxide capture --- activated carbon --- environmental impacts --- IGCC --- carbon capture economy --- stirling cycle-based heat pump --- gas/oil-fired boilers --- SimaPro --- eco-indicator 99 --- life cycle impact assessment --- distance-to-target weighting --- ecological scarcity --- renewable electricity and heat generation --- decentralized energy system

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The transition towards renewable energy sources and “green” technologies for energy generation and storage is expected to mitigate the climate emergency in the coming years. However, in many cases, this progress has been hampered by our dependency on critical materials or other resources that are often processed at high environmental burdens. Yet, many studies have shown that environmental and energy issues are strictly interconnected and require a comprehensive understanding of resource management strategies and their implications. Life cycle assessment (LCA) is among the most inclusive analytical techniques to analyze sustainability benefits and trade-offs within complex systems and, in this Special Issue, it is applied to assess the mutual influences of environmental and energy dimensions. The selection of original articles, reviews, and case studies addressed covers some of the main driving applications for energy requirements and greenhouse gas emissions, including power generation, bioenergy, biorefinery, building, and transportation. An insightful perspective on the current topics and technologies, and emerging research needs, is provided. Alone or in combination with integrative methodologies, LCA can be of pivotal importance and constitute the scientific foundation on which a full system understanding can be reached.

Research & information: general --- life cycle assessment --- harmonization --- photovoltaic --- perovskite solar cell --- manufacturing process --- environmental impact --- greenhouse gas --- gasification --- swine manure management --- ground-source heat pumps --- space conditioning --- environmental sustainability --- life cycle assessment (LCA) --- phase-change material (PCM) --- CED --- Eco-indicator 99 --- IPCC --- LCA --- photovoltaics panels --- recycling --- landfill --- embodied energy --- embodied carbon --- life-cycle embodied performance --- metropolitan area --- in-city --- transport energy intensity --- well to wheel --- material structure --- photovoltaics --- waste management --- EROI --- net energy --- energy scenario --- energy transition --- electricity --- grid mix --- storage --- decarbonization --- biofuel policy --- GHG mitigation --- energy security --- indirect land use change --- carbon dioxide capture --- activated carbon --- environmental impacts --- Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) --- Material Flow Analysis (MFA) --- Criticality --- traction batteries --- forecast --- supply --- exergy --- sustainability --- review --- bioenergy --- geographic information system (GIS) --- harvesting residues --- energy metrics --- PHAs --- bio-based polymers --- biodegradable plastics --- pyrolysis --- volatile fatty acids --- phase change materials --- PCM --- thermal energy storage --- Storage LCA Tool --- Speicher LCA --- n/a

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The transition towards renewable energy sources and “green” technologies for energy generation and storage is expected to mitigate the climate emergency in the coming years. However, in many cases, this progress has been hampered by our dependency on critical materials or other resources that are often processed at high environmental burdens. Yet, many studies have shown that environmental and energy issues are strictly interconnected and require a comprehensive understanding of resource management strategies and their implications. Life cycle assessment (LCA) is among the most inclusive analytical techniques to analyze sustainability benefits and trade-offs within complex systems and, in this Special Issue, it is applied to assess the mutual influences of environmental and energy dimensions. The selection of original articles, reviews, and case studies addressed covers some of the main driving applications for energy requirements and greenhouse gas emissions, including power generation, bioenergy, biorefinery, building, and transportation. An insightful perspective on the current topics and technologies, and emerging research needs, is provided. Alone or in combination with integrative methodologies, LCA can be of pivotal importance and constitute the scientific foundation on which a full system understanding can be reached.

Research & information: general --- life cycle assessment --- harmonization --- photovoltaic --- perovskite solar cell --- manufacturing process --- environmental impact --- greenhouse gas --- gasification --- swine manure management --- ground-source heat pumps --- space conditioning --- environmental sustainability --- life cycle assessment (LCA) --- phase-change material (PCM) --- CED --- Eco-indicator 99 --- IPCC --- LCA --- photovoltaics panels --- recycling --- landfill --- embodied energy --- embodied carbon --- life-cycle embodied performance --- metropolitan area --- in-city --- transport energy intensity --- well to wheel --- material structure --- photovoltaics --- waste management --- EROI --- net energy --- energy scenario --- energy transition --- electricity --- grid mix --- storage --- decarbonization --- biofuel policy --- GHG mitigation --- energy security --- indirect land use change --- carbon dioxide capture --- activated carbon --- environmental impacts --- Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) --- Material Flow Analysis (MFA) --- Criticality --- traction batteries --- forecast --- supply --- exergy --- sustainability --- review --- bioenergy --- geographic information system (GIS) --- harvesting residues --- energy metrics --- PHAs --- bio-based polymers --- biodegradable plastics --- pyrolysis --- volatile fatty acids --- phase change materials --- PCM --- thermal energy storage --- Storage LCA Tool --- Speicher LCA

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The book presents a series of articles devoted to modeling, simulation, and optimization of processes, mainly chemical. General methods for process modeling and numerical simulation are described with flowsheeting. Population balances are addressed in detail with application to crystal production; energy saving is frequently optimized, including exergy analysis. The coupling between process simulation and computational fluid dynamics is studied for air classification and bubble columns. Pressure swing adsorption, reactive distillation, and nanofiltration are explained in general and applied to particular processes. The synthesis of carbon dots is solved by the design of experiments method. A safety study addresses the consequences of gas explosion.

volume-based population balance model with fines dissolution --- quadrature method of moments --- orthogonal polynomials --- population balance equation --- dynamic flowsheet simulation --- transformation matrix --- process modelling --- agglomeration --- milling --- solids --- multidimensional distributed parameters --- nanofiltration --- total volume membrane charge density --- modeling DSPM model --- ceramic membrane --- ionic strength --- heavy oil reservoir --- in-situ combustion --- oil recovery --- numerical simulation --- pressure swing adsorption (PSA) --- carbon molecular sieve (CMS) --- adsorption --- nitrogen --- nitrogen generator --- tapioca --- response surface methodology --- artificial neural network --- carbon dots --- hydrothermal --- photoluminescence --- organic --- butyric anhydride --- single reactive distillation column --- internal material circulation --- dynamic control --- modeling --- optimization --- ultrafiltration --- membrane module --- cross-flow --- protein solution --- combination system --- flame acceleration simulator (FLACS) --- pipe length --- ignition position --- fault diagnosis --- distillation --- inverse problem --- parameter estimation --- turbo air classifier --- process parameters --- particle trajectory --- relative classification sharpness index --- ammonia production --- numerical modelling --- steam methane reforming --- simulation --- Formox Perstorp --- formalin --- fixed catalytic bed reactor --- silver catalyst --- metal oxide catalyst --- exergy --- advanced exergy analysis --- organic Rankine cycle --- regenerative cycle --- reactive distillation --- steady state simulation --- Inside–Out method --- CFD --- bubble plume --- oscillation and offset characteristic --- bubble --- gas–liquid flow --- process steam drive --- software linking --- heat pump --- propane–propylene separation --- steam network --- pressure and heat losses --- energy efficiency --- n/a --- co-processing --- bio-oil --- vacuum gas oil --- LCA --- Eco-indicator 99 --- FCC --- Inside-Out method --- gas-liquid flow --- propane-propylene separation