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medicinal plants --- ethnobotany --- Echinacea --- Asteraceae

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The contreversy regarding the effectiveness of echinacea has raged in scientific circles. Still, this plant is increasingly used to prevent and treat upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) such as the common cold. Even though the symptoms are mild, the cold is a viral disease that represents an enormous cost to society, through truancy it generates. The development of effective support is therefore of significant interest. Compared to conventional therapies, which are only symptomatic, echinacea should theoretically be a more complete treatment, with its immunomodulatory, antiinflammatory, anti-viral and antioxidant properties. Three species ofechinacea, are ofmedical interest (E. purpurea, E. pallida and E. angustfoIia) and the efficacy- and safety-profile for each oftbem should be established, but it is not as easy as it looks. lndeed the qualitative and quantitative composition varies according to species, but also to the part of the plant used, to the culture conditions or to the extraction methods. We must therefore use standardized extracts. Active markers to standardize belong to the families of alkamides, derivatives of caffeic acid and polysaccharides. Then, studies vary in their outcomes measured (incidence, severity or duration of colds) as well as the doses, durations and types (single preparations or mixtures) of treatment. All of this makes that studies on the subject are heterogeneous and that it is difficult to prove any efficacy. Il appears from this memoir that efficiency, although moderate, relies primarily on the incidence and duration of colds and thus that the coneflowers are complementary with symptomatic treatment. Moreover, security seems to be no problem and there are very few side effects However, more rigorous and homogeneous studies, using standardized extracts, are necessary to make recommendations for specific products, and optimal dosage and duration of therapy La controverse concernant l’efficacité réelle des échinacées fait rage dans les milieux scientifiques Malgré tout, cette plante est de plus en plus utilisée pour prévenir et pour traiter les infections des voies respiratoires supérieures telles le rhume. Bien que bénin, le rhume est une affection virale qui représente un coût énorme pour la société, de par l’absentéisme qu’il engendre. Le développement d’une prise en charge efficace présente donc un intérêt non négligeable. Comparé aux thérapies conventionnelles, qui sont uniquement symptomatiques, les échinacées sont théoriquement plus complètes, avec notamment des propriétés immunomodulatrices, anti- inflammatoires, anti-virales et antioxydantes. Trois espèces d’échinacée, présentent un intérêt médical (l’E. purpurea, l‘E. pallida et l‘E. angustifolia) et il convient d’établir le profil d’efficacité et de sécurité pour chacune d’entre elles, mais cela n’est pas aussi aisé qu’il n’y parait. En effet la composition qualitative et quantitative varie selon l’espèce, mais également selon la partie de la plante utilisée, selon les conditions de culture ou selon la méthode d’extraction. Il faut donc avoir recours à des extraits standardisés. Les marqueurs actifs à standardiser font partie des familles de alkamides, des dérivés de l’acide caféique et des polysaccharides. Ensuite, les études varient dans leurs outcomes mesurés (incidence, sévérité ou durée du rhume) ainsi que dans les doses, durées et types (mono-préparations ou mélanges) de traitements. Tout ceci fait que les études sur le sujet sont hétérogènes et qu’il est difficile de prouver une quelconque efficacité Il ressort de ce mémoire que l’efficacité, bien que modérée, s’articule surtout sur l’incidence et la durée du rhume et que les échinacées sont donc complémentaires avec les traitements symptomatiques. De plus, la sécurité d’emploi semble ne pas poser de problème et il y a très peu d’effets indésirables. Cependant, de plus amples études rigoureuses et homogènes, utilisant des extraits standardisés, sont nécessaires afin de faire des recommandations pour des produits spécifiques, sur la dose et la durée , d’utilisation optimale.

Echinacea --- Common Cold --- Evaluation Studies as Topic

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Cannabis sativa --- Cannabis sativa --- Echinacea --- Echinacea --- immunological factors --- immunological factors --- Binding proteins --- Binding proteins --- Drug therapy --- Drug therapy

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This work provides detailed overviews and offer new insights into the biology, life histories, cultivation, markets, legal protection, chemistry and medical use of Echinacea species. The extensively detailed maps in this text are the most accurate of any produced, based on verified herbarium records.The information on ethnobotanical uses of Echinacea species, and especially E. angustifolia, is the most thorough and well-documented on the topic to date. Along with sharp analysis, the text develops and outlines conservation recommendations for all of the species of Echinacea.

Life sciences. --- Plant ecology. --- Plant anatomy. --- Plant development. --- Plant physiology. --- Life Sciences. --- Plant Anatomy/Development. --- Plant Physiology. --- Plant Ecology. --- Echinacea (Plants) --- Therapeutic use. --- Brauneria --- Compositae --- Botany --- Plants --- Physiology --- Ecology --- Plant structure --- Structural botany --- Vegetable anatomy --- Anatomy --- Structure --- Phytoecology --- Vegetation ecology --- Development of plants --- Plant development --- Developmental biology --- Growth (Plants) --- Ontogeny --- Floristic ecology

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Interest has grown regarding natural plant extracts in food and beverage applications, their vital role in the food industry, and their therapeutic use against diseases. The protective effects of healthy diets are partially due to the variety of plant metabolites, particularly phenolic compounds, which are considered the most important class of compounds that originates from plant-derived metabolites. Phenolics are well renowned for their possession of a wide array of remarkable biological properties. This Special Issue (SI) aims to gather the most recent contributions concerning their chemistry, extraction methods, and analytical techniques, applications, and biological activities. This Special Issue of Processes, entitled “Phenolic Compounds: Extraction, Optimization, Identification and Applications in Food Industry”, gathers the recent work of leading researchers in a single collection, covering a variety of theoretical studies and experimental applications and focusing on the extraction, identification, and industrial applications. The advances presented in the contributions in this SI have significantly helped to accomplish this target. In addition to research articles, the Special Issue features two reviews that cover a range of topics highlighting the versatility of the area. The topics covered in this SI include advanced methodologies for the isolation, purification, and analysis of phenolics from food, food waste, and medicinal plants; biological activities and mechanisms of action; health benefits from in vivo evaluation; and the development of novel phenolics-based nutraceuticals and functional ingredients.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- Food & society --- flavonoids --- extraction methods --- biotransformation --- human health --- verjuice --- phytochemicals --- unripe grape juice --- pulmonary adenocarcinoma --- anti-proliferative --- antioxidant --- Dalbergia species --- DPPH free radical scavenging assay --- fatty acid --- phytosterol --- tocopherol --- total phenolic compound composition --- U/A-AE --- Nephelium lappaceum L. --- separation --- ellagitannins --- geraniin --- olive oil --- olive paste --- by-product --- industrial process --- phenolic compounds --- Moringa oleifera --- microencapsulation --- cell viability --- storage --- in vitro digestion --- polyphenols --- antioxidant activity --- Echinacea purpurea extracts --- glassy carbon electrode (GCE) --- carbon nanotubes (CNTs) --- SARS-CoV --- coronavirus --- traditional Chinese medicine --- COVID-19 --- natural products --- polyphenolic --- Phenol-Explorer --- I-Class --- Synapt G2-Si --- phenolomics --- pumpkin seed oil --- oleogels --- HPLC-MS --- Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy --- chemometrics --- storage follow-up --- potato peel --- ultrasound --- phenolic compound --- Cabernet Sauvignon concentrate --- reverse osmosis --- nanofiltration --- cellulose/raspberry encapsulates --- phenolics --- anthocyanins --- inhibition of α-amylase --- TWIMS --- phenol-explorer database --- UPLC-MS-MS --- bee pollen --- cinnamic acid derivatives --- food processing --- kaempferol glycosides --- luteolin --- quercetin glycosides --- tricetin --- flavonoids --- extraction methods --- biotransformation --- human health --- verjuice --- phytochemicals --- unripe grape juice --- pulmonary adenocarcinoma --- anti-proliferative --- antioxidant --- Dalbergia species --- DPPH free radical scavenging assay --- fatty acid --- phytosterol --- tocopherol --- total phenolic compound composition --- U/A-AE --- Nephelium lappaceum L. --- separation --- ellagitannins --- geraniin --- olive oil --- olive paste --- by-product --- industrial process --- phenolic compounds --- Moringa oleifera --- microencapsulation --- cell viability --- storage --- in vitro digestion --- polyphenols --- antioxidant activity --- Echinacea purpurea extracts --- glassy carbon electrode (GCE) --- carbon nanotubes (CNTs) --- SARS-CoV --- coronavirus --- traditional Chinese medicine --- COVID-19 --- natural products --- polyphenolic --- Phenol-Explorer --- I-Class --- Synapt G2-Si --- phenolomics --- pumpkin seed oil --- oleogels --- HPLC-MS --- Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy --- chemometrics --- storage follow-up --- potato peel --- ultrasound --- phenolic compound --- Cabernet Sauvignon concentrate --- reverse osmosis --- nanofiltration --- cellulose/raspberry encapsulates --- phenolics --- anthocyanins --- inhibition of α-amylase --- TWIMS --- phenol-explorer database --- UPLC-MS-MS --- bee pollen --- cinnamic acid derivatives --- food processing --- kaempferol glycosides --- luteolin --- quercetin glycosides --- tricetin