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"Once the pride of interwar Czechoslovakia, and key during the forced industrialization of the Stalinist period, during the 1970s and 1980s the Czechoslovak railway sector showed the symptoms of the political tiredness and economic exhaustion of the Soviet Bloc. This book examines the failure of central economic planning through the lens of this national transport system.Based on the presentation of its history and on the detailed scrutiny of the actors, institutions, internal mechanisms, and conditions of the railway sector, the analysis reveals the identities of the real stakeholders in the state administration. This case shows how the country was governed by Communist Party institutions and government ministries, and how developments in the transportation sector-like in every sector-reflected their priorities. Numerous tables with selected statistics underscore the economic analysis and black and white photos offer a glimpse on the technical base of the railway sector.The book is filled with enlightening comparisons of the Czechoslovak transportation industry with its counterparts in the whole Eastern Bloc. Integration into the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (Comecon) of the Bloc could have been an asset, yet the records have more to say about conflicts than cooperation"-- "Once the pride of interwar Czechoslovakia, and key during the forced industrialization of the Stalinist period, during the 1970s and 1980s the Czechoslovak railway sector showed the symptoms of the political tiredness and economic exhaustion of the Soviet Bloc. This book examines the failure of central economic planning through the lens of this national transport system. Based on the presentation of its history and on the detailed scrutiny of the actors, institutions, internal mechanisms, and conditions of the railway sector, the analysis reveals the identities of the real stakeholders in the state administration. This case shows how the country was governed by Communist Party institutions and government ministries, and how developments in the transportation sector-like in every sector-reflected their priorities. Numerous tables with selected statistics underscore the economic analysis and black and white photos offer a glimpse on the technical base of the railway sector. The book is filled with enlightening comparisons of the Czechoslovak transportation industry with its counterparts in the whole Eastern Bloc. Integration into the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (Comecon) of the Bloc could have been an asset, yet the records have more to say about conflicts than cooperation"--

Chemins de fer --- Railroads --- Histoire --- History --- Czechoslovakia. --- Tchecoslovaquie --- Czechoslovakia --- Politique et gouvernement --- Politics and government --- Eastern bloc. --- transportation industry.

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Konrad Sziedat untersucht erstmals systematisch die Hoffnungen, die westdeutsche Linke seit 1980 in die Transformationsprozesse im "Ostblock" setzten. Ausgehend von der Unterstützungskampagne "Solidarität mit Solidarność" kann er mit den Möglichkeiten der historischen Netzwerkanalyse zeigen, wie Linke unterschiedlichster ideologischer Orientierung wiederholt zu gemeinsamen Aktionen zusammenfanden. Auch verdeutlicht er an der Historischen Semantik von Begriffen wie "Sozialismus", "dritter Weg" und "Zivilgesellschaft" Erwartungen und Enttäuschungen westdeutscher Linker bis Mitte der 1990er Jahre. Der tiefgreifende Wandel der Linken im späten 20. Jahrhundert wird damit in den größeren Zusammenhang des mittel- und osteuropäischen Umbruchs eingebettet. The West German left was heavily invested in the transformation processes in the "Eastern bloc" after 1980. It organized solidarity for Solidarność, and despite any ideological difference, continued to take part in joint activities. Konrad Sziedat traces the expectations - and disillusionments - of the West-German left through the mid-1990s by examining the historical semantics of such terms as "socialism," "Third Way," and "civil society."

Right and left (Political science) --- Socialism --- Civil society --- Socialist parties --- Communist parties --- Political parties --- Social contract --- Marxism --- Social democracy --- Socialist movements --- Collectivism --- Anarchism --- Communism --- Critical theory --- Left (Political science) --- Left and right (Political science) --- Right (Political science) --- Political science --- History --- Forecasting. --- Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands --- Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands --- History. --- Germany (East) --- Germany (West) --- Politics and government --- Disenchantment. --- Eastern bloc. --- civil society. --- historical semantics. --- solidarity.

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A viable system of international trade requires the active support of both the United States and the European Community, the world's largest trading partners and, consequently, the primary forces shaping the post-World War II international trading regime. In recent years, however, a series of disagreements have threatened the consensus supporting that regime. Differences have arisen over the relation of trade policy to balance-of-trade deficits, the terms of and actual compliance with the current General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, and the proper agenda and procedures to be adopted in future multilateral trade negotiations. These differences, if left unresolved, will further weaken an already strained system. Issues in US-EC Trade Relations presents the results of a conference organized by the NBER and the Centre for European Policy Studies. In it, North American and European trade specialists offer theoretical, empirical, and historical analyses of some of the major issues on which American and Community officials disagree and also formulate realistic policies for settling present disputes. Contributors consider such topics as the legal aspects of trade between the two regions, agricultural policy, different ways the United States and members of the European Community use embargoes to attempt to induce foreign countries to change particular political actions, the growing trend toward protectionism and responses to this policy, international trade in services, and trade policy in oligopolistic environments. In most cases, each general subject is approached from both an American and a European perspective.

United States --- European Economic Community countries --- Foreign economic relations --- international, trade, finance, economics, politics, diplomacy, europe, policy, deficits, tariffs, agriculture, embargo, protectionism, european economic community, gatt litigation, competition, steel crisis, telecommunications, banking, game theory, nonfiction, reference, west germany, soviet union, eastern bloc, textiles, reciprocity, new zealand, jamaica, japan, equity.

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Why did the Soviet Union squander the political leverage afforded by its trade subsidy to Eastern Europe? Why did Soviet officials fail to bargain with resolve, to link subsidies to salient political issues, to make credible commitments, and to monitor the satellites' policies? Using an unprecedented array of formerly secret documents housed in archives in Moscow, Warsaw, and Prague, as well as interviews with former Communist officials across Eastern Europe, Randall Stone answers these questions and others that have long vexed Western political scientists. Stone argues that trade politics revolved around the incentives created by distorted prices. The East European satellites profited by trading on the margin between prices on the Western market and those in the Soviet bloc. The Soviet Union made numerous attempts to reduce its implicit trade subsidy and increase the efficiency of the bloc, but the satellites managed consistently to outmaneuver Soviet negotiators. Stone demonstrates how the East Europeans artfully resisted Soviet objectives. Stone draws upon recent developments in bargaining and principal-agent theory, arguing that the incentives created by domestic institutions weakened Soviet bargaining strategies. In effect, he suggests, perverse incentive structures in the Soviet economy were exported into Soviet foreign policy. Furthermore, Stone argues, incentives to smother information were so deeply entrenched that they frustrated numerous attempts to reform Soviet institutions.

Trade adjustment assistance --- 815 Geschiedenis --- 830 Economie --- 831.1 Handelspolitiek --- 836 (Multi-)nationale ondernemingen --- 841 Politiek Bestel --- 841.5 Bestuur en beleid --- 884.1 Oost-Europa --- Adjustment assistance, Trade --- Domestic adjustment assistance --- Europe, Eastern --- East Europe --- Eastern Europe --- Foreign economic relations --- Foreign relations --- Commercial policy --- Economic assistance, Domestic --- Foreign trade and employment --- Manpower policy --- Subsidies --- relations internationales --- relations economiques internationales --- Aide à l'ajustement de la commercialisation --- URSS --- Europe de l'Est --- Pologne --- Hongrie --- Tchecoslovaquie --- Relations economiques exterieures --- Politique economique --- Accountability. --- Accounting. --- Adverse selection. --- Adviser. --- Balance of trade. --- Bargaining power. --- Behalf. --- Bilateral trade. --- Capitalism. --- Case study. --- Central Committee. --- Chairman. --- Comecon. --- Commodity. --- Consideration. --- Construction. --- Consumer Goods. --- Credibility. --- Currency. --- Czechoslovakia. --- Debt. --- East Germany. --- Eastern Bloc. --- Eastern Europe. --- Economic development. --- Economic integration. --- Economic planning. --- Economic policy. --- Economics. --- Economist. --- Economy of Poland. --- Economy of the Soviet Union. --- Economy. --- Employment. --- Exchange rate. --- Export. --- Foreign direct investment. --- Foreign policy. --- Gosplan. --- Government budget. --- Grand strategy. --- Hard currency. --- Ideology. --- Implementation. --- Incentive. --- Information asymmetry. --- Institution. --- International Monetary Fund. --- International relations. --- Investment. --- Iron ore. --- Joint venture. --- Liberalization. --- Market price. --- Mikhail Gorbachev. --- Multilateralism. --- Negotiation. --- Nikolai Baibakov. --- Obstacle. --- Payment. --- Perestroika. --- Perverse incentive. --- Planned economy. --- Planning Commission (India). --- Planning. --- Policy. --- Politburo. --- Politics. --- Position paper. --- Pricing. --- Principal–agent problem. --- Proclamation. --- Productive capacity. --- Quality control. --- Quantity. --- Raw material. --- Receipt. --- Regulation. --- Requirement. --- Research and development. --- Ruble. --- Scarcity. --- Second World. --- Shortage. --- Socialist economics. --- Socialist state. --- Soviet Union. --- Strategy. --- Subsidy. --- Supply (economics). --- Supply and demand. --- Tax. --- Technical progress (economics). --- Technology. --- Trade-off. --- Treaty. --- Uncertainty. --- Wojciech Jaruzelski. --- Working group. --- World economy. --- Советский Союз --- Ber. ha-M. --- Związek Socjalistycznych Republik Radzieckich --- ZSRR --- Związek Socjalistycznych Republik Sowieckich --- ZSRS --- Szovjetunió --- TSRS --- Tarybų Socialistinių Respublikų Sąjunga --- SRSR --- Soi︠u︡z Radi︠a︡nsʹkykh Sot︠s︡ialistychnykh Respublik --- SSSR --- Soi︠u︡z Sovetskikh Sot︠s︡ialisticheskikh Respublik --- UdSSR --- Shūravī --- Ittiḥād-i Jamāhīr-i Ishtirākīyah-i Shūrāʼīyah --- Russia (1923- U.S.S.R.) --- Sovetskiy Soyuz --- Soyuz SSR --- Sovetskiĭ Soi︠u︡z --- Soi︠u︡z SSR --- Uni Sovjet --- Union of Soviet Socialist Republics --- USSR --- SSṚM --- Sovetakan Sotsʻialistakan Ṛespublikaneri Miutʻyun --- SSHM --- Sovetakan Sotsʻialistakan Hanrapetutʻyunneri Miutʻyun --- Unión de Repúblicas Socialistas Soviéticas --- Berit ha-Moʻatsot --- Rusyah --- Ittiḥād al-Sūfiyītī --- Rusiyah --- Rusland --- Soṿet-Rusland --- Uni Soviet --- Union soviétique --- Zȯvlȯlt Kholboot Uls --- Związek Radziecki --- ESSD --- Sahaphāp Sōwīat --- KhSHM --- SSR Kavširi --- Russland --- SNTL --- PSRS --- Su-lien --- Sobhieṭ Ẏuniẏana --- FSSR --- Unione Sovietica --- Ittiḥād-i Shūravī --- Soviyat Yūniyan --- Russian S.F.S.R. --- Č.S.R. --- C.S.R.S. --- Č.S.S.R. --- Cecoslovacchia --- Ceho-Slovacia --- Čehoslovakija --- Česká a Slovenská Federatívna Republika --- Česká a Slovenská Federativní Republika --- Češkoslovaška --- Československa republika --- Československá socialistická republika --- Československo --- Checoslovaquia --- Chekhoslovakii︠a︡ --- Chekhoslovat︠s︡kai︠a︡ Sot︠s︡ialisticheskai︠a︡ Respublika --- Chieh-kʻo-ssu-lo-fa-kʻo --- Chieh-kʻo-ssu-lo-fa-kʻo she hui chu i kung ho kuo --- ChSFR --- ChSSR --- Cseh-Szlovákia --- Csehszlovákia --- ČSFR --- ČSR --- CSRS --- ČSSR --- Czech and Slovak Federal Republic --- Czecho-Slovakia --- Czechoslovak Socialist Republic --- Czechosłowacja --- Republika československa --- Tchécoslovaquie --- Tschechische Sozialistische Republik --- Tschechoslowakei --- Tsechoslobakia --- Tsechoslovakia --- Ts'ekhoslovaḳyah --- Tshīkūslūfākiyā --- Tsjechoslowakije --- Tsjekkoslovakia --- Czech Republic --- Slovakia --- Dēmokratia tēs Oungarias --- Gweriniaeth Hwngari --- Hanekeria --- Hangarī --- Hongaarse Republiek --- Hongaria --- Hongarije --- Hongarye --- Hŏnggari --- Hongria --- Honharije --- Hunakalia --- Hungara Respubliko --- Hungari --- Hungaria --- Hungariako Errepublika --- Hungarian Republic --- Hungariar Errepublika --- Hungario --- Hungarujo --- Hungaryah --- Hungría --- Hungrii --- Hwngari --- Jamhuri ya Hungaria --- Lepulika o Hungary --- Lýðveldið Ungverjaland --- Macaristan --- Macaristan Cumhuriyeti --- Macarıstan Respublikası --- Mađarska --- Mad̕arská republika --- Maďarsko --- Madi︠a︡rshchyna --- Madjaristan --- Madžarska --- Madźary --- Madzhar --- Madzhar Respublika --- Magyar Köztársaság (Republic) --- Magyar Népköztársaság --- Magyar Republic --- Magyar Tanácsköztársaság --- Magyarország (Republic) --- Majarstan Jȯmḣu̇rii︠a︡te --- Majoriston --- Mazharstan --- Mazharstan Respublikasy --- Ohorsʹka Respublika --- Ongaria --- Ongiri --- Ongria --- Oonguri --- Oungaria --- Oгорська Республіка --- Pobblaght ny h-Ungaar --- Poblacht na hUngáire --- Republic of Hungary --- República da Hungria --- República de Hungría --- República d'Hongria --- Republica d'Ongria --- Republica Ungară --- Republica Ungaria --- Republica Ungrese --- Republiek van Hongarye --- Republik bu Oonguri --- Republik Hongaria --- Republik Ungarn --- Republika e Hungarisë --- Republika Mađarska --- Republika Madžarska --- Republika ng Unggarya --- Republika Ungarija --- Republika Węgierska --- Republikang Unggaro --- Republiken Ungern --- Republikken Ungarn --- République de Hongrie --- Repúvlika de Madjaristan --- Respublica Hungarica --- Tjóðveldið Ungarn --- Tlācatlahtohcāyōtl Hungria --- Uhorshchyna --- Uhorsʹka Respublika --- Ungaar --- Ungaïa --- Ungáir --- Ungar --- Ungari --- Ungari Vabariik --- Ungaria --- Ungarii︠a︡ --- Ungārija --- Ungārijas Republika --- Ungarn --- Ungarskata republika --- Ungerija --- Ungern --- Unggarya --- Unggriya --- Ungheria --- Unghirìa --- Ungri --- Ungverjaland --- Unkari --- Unkarin tasavalta --- V.N.R. --- Vengerskai︠a︡ Narodnai︠a︡ Respublika --- Vengerskai︠a︡ Respublika --- Vengrėjė --- Vengrėjės Respoblėka --- Vengrii︠a︡ --- Vengrii︠a︡ Respublikasy --- Vengrija --- Vengrijos respublika --- Vengriya --- Vengriya Respublikasi --- Venhryi︠a︡ --- VNR --- Węgry --- Xiongyali --- Xiongyali gong he guo --- Xiongyali Gongheguo --- Ουγγαρία --- Δημοκρατία της Ουγγαρίας --- Република Унгарија --- Република Мађарска --- Унгар --- Унгарската република --- Унгария --- Унгарија --- Угорська Республіка --- Угорщина --- Мажарстан --- Мажарстан Республикасы --- Мађарска --- Мадярщина --- Маджар --- Маджар Республика --- Венгрыя --- Венгрия --- Венгрия Республикасы --- Венгерская Республика --- אונגארן --- רפובליקא דא מאגיאדיסטאן --- מאגיאדיסטאן --- הונגריה --- ハンガリー --- 匈牙利 --- 匈牙利共和國 --- 헝가리 --- Austro-Hungarian Monarchy --- Poyln --- Polska Rzeczpospolita Ludowa --- Polʹsha --- P.N.R. --- P.R.L. --- Polish Commonwealth --- Polonia --- Warsaw (Duchy) --- Polska --- Polsko --- T︠S︡arstvo Polʹskoe --- Królestwo Polskie --- Polʹskai︠a︡ Narodnai︠a︡ Respublika --- PNR --- PRL --- Poljska --- Lehastan --- Polin --- Būlūniyā --- Polonyah --- République populaire de Pologne --- Polen --- Ppolsŭkka --- Polish People's Republic --- Republic of Poland --- Poland (Territory under German occupation, 1939-1945) --- Generalgouvernement (Poland) --- Generalne Gubernatorstwo (Poland) --- General Government (Poland) --- Heneralʹna hubernii︠a︡ (Poland) --- Rzeczpospolita Polska --- Polish Republic --- Congress Kingdom of Poland --- Congress Poland --- Królestwo Kongresowe Polskie --- Kongresówka --- Kingdom of Poland --- Lahistān --- لهستان --- Polandia --- Полшэ --- Polshė --- Pole --- Republiek van Pole --- Republik Pole --- Polaland --- Polisce Cynewise --- Полша --- Полониа --- بولندا --- Būlandā --- Polóña --- Tavakuairetã Polóña --- Польша --- Puluña --- Ripublika Puluña --- Polşa --- Polşa Respublikası --- Pulandia --- Ripublik Pulandia --- Pho-lân --- Pho-lân Kiōng-hô-kok --- Польшча --- Polʹshcha --- Рэспубліка Польшча --- Rėspublika Polʹshcha --- Polonya --- Република Полша --- Republika Polsha --- Poin --- Republika Poljska --- Польшо --- Polʹsho --- Bu̇gėdė Naĭramdakha Polʹsho Ulas --- Polská republika --- Polaki --- Gwlad Pwyl --- Gweriniaeth Gwlad Pwyl --- Republikken Polen --- Republik Polen --- Poola --- Poola Vabariik --- Πολωνία --- Pulógna --- Польша Мастор --- Polʹsha Mastor --- República de Polonia --- Pollando --- Respubliko Pollando --- Repúbrica de Poloña --- Poloniako Errepublika --- Pólland --- République de Pologne --- Poalen --- Poloonya --- Polonie --- An Pholainn --- Pholainn --- Poblacht na Polainne --- Yn Pholynn --- Pholynn --- Pobblaght ny Polynn --- A' Phòlainn --- Poblachd na Pòlainn --- Borandi --- Pô-làn --- Польшин Орн --- Polʹshin Orn --- 폴란드 --- P'ollandŭ --- Pōlani --- Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth --- Crown of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania --- Commonwealth of Poland --- Lehastani Hanrapetutʻyun --- Польшæ --- Polʹshæ --- Польшæйы Республикæ --- Polʹshæĭy Respublikæ --- IPoland --- IPolandi --- Lýðveldið Pólland --- Repubblica di Polonia --- פולין --- רפובליקת פולין --- Republiḳat Polin --- Poleni --- Kunngiitsuuffik Poleni --- Pòlskô Repùblika --- Poloni --- Polonye --- Polòy --- Puoleja --- Puolejis Republika --- Polija --- Polijas Republika --- Lenkija --- Lenkijos Respublika --- Polsca --- Republica de Polsca --- Pol'šu --- Polskas --- Bupoolo --- Bupolska --- Ripablik kya Bupoolo --- Lengyelország --- Lengyel Köztársaság --- General Government for Occupied Polish Territories --- Lithuania (Grand Duchy) --- BNUU --- БНУУ --- Bu̇gd Naĭramdakh Ungar Uls --- Ajustement de la commercialisation, Aide à l' --- Commerce international et emploi --- Politique de l'emploi --- Subventions --- Commerce extérieur --- Aide au développement économique régional --- Politique commerciale --- Politique industrielle --- Droit --- Soiouz Sovetskikh sotsialistitcheskikh respoublik --- Sojuz Sovetskih Socialističeskih Respublik --- Union des républiques socialistes soviétiques --- Union soviétique --- Ex-URSS --- Pays de la CEI --- Russie --- Asie --- Europe --- Československo --- République tchèque --- Slovaquie --- Magyarország --- Autriche-Hongrie --- Alföld (Hongrie) --- Europe du Centre-Est --- Pays de l'Union européenne --- Opinion publique polonaise --- Pays slaves --- Groupe de Visegrad --- Civilisation --- Conditions économiques --- Conditions sociales --- Histoire --- Moeurs et coutumes --- Politique et gouvernement --- Relations extérieures --- Vie intellectuelle --- Divisions politiques et administratives --- Antiquités --- Étude et enseignement --- Frontières