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In the past two decades, Indonesia significantly improved its economic growth, poverty, and maternal and child health outcomes. Despite these notable achievements, the country's rates of stunting and malnutrition are among the highest in the world and threaten early childhood development as the stepping-stone of human capital formation. Though government guidelines, standards, and training have helped improve nutrition services in the health sector, there continues to be considerable variation in service quality across districts, between urban and rural areas, and among public and private facilities, with many mothers and children being provided suboptimal services. Malnutrition is a multisectoral issue that is not the "problem" of the health sector alone. However, many of the high-impact health interventions known to improve nutrition outcomes for children are not being implemented in Indonesia, calling for a higher-quality health system to produce better nutrition outcomes. This report analyzes the opportunities to improve the quality of frontline nutrition interventions in Indonesia's health sector as an element of achieving the National Strategy to Accelerate Stunting Prevention (2018-2021) (StraNas Stunting) goals. It uses a framework adapted from the Lancet Global Health Commission's report on High-Quality Health Systems in the Sustainable Development Goals Era, which explains that improving the quality of nutrition health care requires system-wide action. In specific, high-quality nutrition services necessitate both process and foundational reforms at the macro, meso, and micro levels. The paper outlines the challenges and proposes recommendations to improve quality nutrition care and services in the country. These are related to strong leadership, harmonized guidelines and targets, and robust regulatory and quality improvement mechanisms; improved monitoring and evaluation and data use; predictable, adequate, and timely financing; platforms for care; competent health workers and a sound supportive supervision system; adequate supplies and functional equipment; and systems that respond to clients' health needs and expectations.

Early Child and Children's Health --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- Malnutrition --- Nutrition --- Reproductive Health --- Stunting

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The report is structured as follows: section two provides an overview of the existing literature on undernutrition and its determinants. Section three describes the methodology used in this report, the UNICEF conceptual framework and the MICS data collected in 2010 and 2014. The analysis section (section four) begins by describing the nature of stunting among 0-5-year-old children in Sudan highlighting differences in stunting rates across states, households, gender, and age groups. This analysis is followed by an overview of the extent of inequalities in access to adequate levels of nutrition drivers among 0-23-month-old children. The second part of section four examines the extent to which access to adequate levels of nutrition drivers influences stunting in Sudan. The authors estimate marginal effects of access levels (including individual and joint access) on the probability of being stunted to identify the main nutrition drivers that significantly affect stunting and the heterogeneity of their effects across space, wealth, and gender. Finally, section five concludes by discussing the implications of the results on multisectoral responses to stunting in Sudan.

Child Health --- Early Child and Children's Health --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- Malnutrition --- Nutrition --- Stunting

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In 2015, the new constitution of Nepal promulgated the country as a federal republic with three autonomous government levels of federal, province, and local, each with an elected assembly. Consequently, numerous policies and plans were formulated as per the new federal system. In line with this change, the government of Nepal (GoN) has formulated Multi-Sector Nutrition Plan-II (MSNP II) (2017-2022) to improve the nutrition status of mothers, adolescents, and children by scaling up nutrition-specific and nutrition-sensitive interventions throughout the country. This study reveals the transitional state of nutrition and early childhood development (ECD) in the country as it is adjusting itself in federal structure and governance.

Early Child and Children's Health --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- Malnutrition --- Nutrition --- Reproductive Health

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The Lao People's Democratic Republic (Lao PDR) has experienced rapid and significant economic growth over the past decade. However, poor nutritional outcomes remain a concern. Rates of childhood undernutrition are particularly high in remote, rural, and upland areas. Media have the potential to play an important role in shaping health and nutrition-related behaviors and practices as well as in promoting sociocultural and economic development that might contribute to improved nutritional outcomes. This report presents the results of a media audit (MA) that was conducted to inform the development and production of mass media advocacy and communication strategies and materials with a focus on maternal and child health and nutrition that would reach the most people from the poorest communities in northern Lao PDR. Making more people aware of useful information, essential services and products and influencing them to use these effectively is the ultimate goal of mass media campaigns, and the MA measures the potential effectiveness of media efforts to reach this goal. The effectiveness of communication channels to deliver health and nutrition messages to target beneficiaries to ensure maximum reach and uptake can be viewed in terms of preferences, satisfaction, and trust. Overall, the four most accessed media channels for receiving information among communities in the study areas were village announcements, mobile phones, television, and out-of-home (OOH) media. Of the accessed media channels, the top three most preferred channels were village announcements (40 percent), television (26 percent), and mobile phones (19 percent). In terms of trust, village announcements were the most trusted source of information (64 percent), followed by mobile phones (14 percent) and television (11 percent). Hence of all the media channels, village announcements are the most preferred, have the most satisfied users, and are the most trusted source of information in study communities from four provinces in Lao PDR with some of the highest burden of childhood undernutrition.

Early Child and Children's Health --- Health Project Design and Implementation --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- Nutrition --- Reproductive Health --- Stunting

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Teenage pregnancies have potential negative consequences on the next generation. Children born to adolescent mothers are particularly at risk in terms of health, nutrition, cognitive and socio-emotional development. Evidence shows that the early years - especially the first 1,000 days - are crucially important for lifetime health, learning, and productivity. Particularly for the most vulnerable children and families, early childhood development (ECD) is a high return investment. This policy brief presents evidence on the health, nutrition and overall development of children in Zambia with a focus on those born to adolescent mothers. Analysis of issues such as infant and child mortality, malnutrition, incidence of illness, healthcare seeking behaviors, protective practices, late entry for school, pre-school experience and development are discussed.

Adolescent Health --- Child Health --- Cognitive Development --- Diarrhea --- Early Child and Children's Health --- Gender --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- Nutrition --- Stunting