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In many parts of the world, freshwater is a subject of frequent and intense large-scale disturbances. Pollution, water withdrawal, alteration of freshwater flows, road construction, aquifer mining, surface water diversion, desertification, wetland drainage, soil erosion in agriculture, deforestation, and dam building have led to some irreversible species losses and severe changes in community compositions of freshwater ecosystems. Pollution represents one of the most relevant impacts on freshwater environments, ranging from surface water bodies—such as springs, streams, rivers, lakes, and intermittent waterbodies—to groundwater and transitional habitats between surface waters and groundwaters. The origins and fates of pollutants are different and depend on various pollutants, including fertilizers with pesticides in agricultural areas, heavy metals, chlorinated organic compounds, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), which are predominantly derived from industrial and urban settlements. Another pollutant is microplastics, which can increase in concentration in freshwater bodies and constitute emerging contaminants in freshwater systems when taken together with pharmaceuticals, personal care products (PCPs), and endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs). The broad distribution of several pollutants leads to significant changes of freshwater ecosystems, together with the extinction of the most sensitive species or the drastic lowering in abundances of others, thus altering community compositions and the ecosystem services provided by freshwater biodiversity.

multiple stressors --- pesticides --- freshwater ecology --- ecotoxicology --- synergism --- resource limitation --- population density --- groundwater --- karst aquifer --- pollution --- quarry --- Apuan Alps --- groundwater ecology --- stygofauna --- stygobite --- aquifer --- syncarida --- crustaceans --- copepods --- stygobiotic --- traits --- nitrate --- ammonium --- nitrite --- nitrogen --- contamination --- AQUALIFE software --- groundwater dependent ecosystems --- threats --- biodiversity --- abundance-size scaling theory --- benthos --- hyporheos --- freshwater communities --- pharmaceuticals --- large scale survey --- Biolog EcoPlatesTM --- flow cytometry --- microbial community --- metabolic fingerprint --- groundwater quality --- hydrogeochemistry --- Chironomidae --- Chironomus plumosus larvae --- mentum deformities --- freshwater contamination --- Lake Trasimeno --- platinum --- bioaccumulation --- passive sample --- freshwater clam --- Corbicula fluminalis africana --- diet --- Triturus carnifex --- mountain karst ponds --- microplastics --- heavy metals --- EOCs --- landfill --- marble slurry --- neonicotinoids --- software

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The development of civilization entails a growing demand for consumer goods. A side effect of the production and use of these materials is the production of solid waste and wastewater. Municipal and industrial wastewater usually contains a large amount of various organic compounds and is the main source of pollution of the aquatic environment. Therefore, the search for effective methods of wastewater and other polluted water treatment is an important element of caring for the natural environment. This book presents research on the determination and removal of environmentally hazardous organic compounds from aqueous samples. The articles included in this book describe the results of examinations, at the laboratory scale, of the efficiency of chemical as well as physical processes for the removal or degradation of selected model pollutants. Environmental studies, especially those concerning the determination of trace impurities, require effective isolation and concentration procedures. The methods used for this purpose should meet the requirements of green chemistry. The liquid phase microextraction procedures and use of electrochemical methods described in this book seem to be proper for environmental studies, as they are effective and environmentally friendly.

photodegradation --- emerging organic contaminants --- salicylic acid --- biosorption --- doxazosin maleate --- boron-doped diamond electrode --- sulfasalazine --- continuous liquid–liquid extraction --- water environment --- electrochemical degradation --- chlorinated intermediates --- isotherm adsorption models --- water --- pollutants --- sediment --- ultrasound-assisted emulsification microextraction --- emerging contaminants --- electrochemical oxidation --- selective sorbent --- water remediation --- HPLC-UV --- sulfate radical --- boron doped diamond --- nickel aluminate --- advanced oxidation processes --- chemical oxygen demand --- hormones --- liquid-liquid continuous extraction --- organic pollutant --- run-off water --- DFT study --- biocides --- DLLME-SFO --- precious metals --- budesonide --- solidification of floating organic droplet --- flame retardants --- wastewater purification --- graphene quantum dots --- PBDE --- disinfection by-products --- 1-undecanol --- photocatalysis --- total petroleum hydrocarbon --- gas chromatography-mass spectrometry --- EOCs determination --- environmental samples --- groundwater --- fractional distillation --- spinel --- hydroxyl radical --- removal of organic compounds --- Guarani aquifer --- density functional theory --- persistent organic pollutants --- hydroxyl radicals