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The landscape of minimally invasive urological intervention is changing. A lot of new innovations and technological developments have happened over the last 3 decades. Laparoscopy and robotic surgery have revolutionised kidney and prostate cancer treatment, with more minimally invasive procedures now being carried out than ever before. At the same time, technological advancements and the use of laser have changed the face of endourology. Several new innovative treatments are now commonplace for benign prostate enlargement (BPE). Management of prostate cancer now involves procedures such as robotic prostatectomy, brachytherapy, radiotherapy, cryotherapy and HIFU. Robotic partial nephrectomy and cryotherapy have changed the face of renal cancer. En-bloc resection of bladder cancer is challenging the traditional management of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer and becoming commonplace, while robotic cystectomy is also gaining popularity for muscle invasive bladder cancer. Newer surgical intervention related to BPE includes laser (holmium, thulium and green light), water-based treatment (Rezum, Aquablation) and other minimally invasive procedures such as prostate artery embolisation (PAE) and Urolift. Endourological procedures have incorporated newer laser types and settings such as moses technology, disposable ureteroscopes (URS) and minimisation of percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) instruments. All these technological innovations and improvements have led to shorter hospital stay, reduced cost, potential reduction in complications and improvement in the quality of life (QoL).

Medicine --- Surgery --- partial nephrectomy --- single site surgery --- sutureless --- CEUS --- contrast-enhanced ultrasound --- renal ultrasound --- image quality --- small renal mass (3–5) --- kidney stones --- metabolic syndrome --- urolithiasis --- nephrolithiasis --- kidney calculi --- diabetes mellitus --- acute kidney injury --- percutaneous nephrolithotomy --- urology --- artificial intelligence --- machine learning --- urinary incontinence --- kidney stone disease --- fertility --- reproductive urology --- renal cell carcinoma --- hydronephrosis --- urinary reflux --- endourology --- pediatric urology --- prostate cancer --- bladder cancer --- nephrostomy --- quality of life --- survival --- decision making --- ureteroscopy --- laser --- RIRS --- Moses --- holmium --- mineral water --- mineral composition --- drinking water --- still water --- sparkling water --- Ho:YAG laser --- thulium fiber laser --- laser fiber --- lithotripsy --- chronic prostatitis --- chronic pelvic pain syndrome --- extracorporeal shockwave therapy --- ESWT --- NIH-CPSI --- EHS --- IIEF-5 --- QoL --- urosepsis --- laser lithotripsy --- predictor factors --- PCNL --- renal tumour --- AI --- TFL --- partial nephrectomy --- single site surgery --- sutureless --- CEUS --- contrast-enhanced ultrasound --- renal ultrasound --- image quality --- small renal mass (3–5) --- kidney stones --- metabolic syndrome --- urolithiasis --- nephrolithiasis --- kidney calculi --- diabetes mellitus --- acute kidney injury --- percutaneous nephrolithotomy --- urology --- artificial intelligence --- machine learning --- urinary incontinence --- kidney stone disease --- fertility --- reproductive urology --- renal cell carcinoma --- hydronephrosis --- urinary reflux --- endourology --- pediatric urology --- prostate cancer --- bladder cancer --- nephrostomy --- quality of life --- survival --- decision making --- ureteroscopy --- laser --- RIRS --- Moses --- holmium --- mineral water --- mineral composition --- drinking water --- still water --- sparkling water --- Ho:YAG laser --- thulium fiber laser --- laser fiber --- lithotripsy --- chronic prostatitis --- chronic pelvic pain syndrome --- extracorporeal shockwave therapy --- ESWT --- NIH-CPSI --- EHS --- IIEF-5 --- QoL --- urosepsis --- laser lithotripsy --- predictor factors --- PCNL --- renal tumour --- AI --- TFL

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The landscape of minimally invasive urological intervention is changing. A lot of new innovations and technological developments have happened over the last 3 decades. Laparoscopy and robotic surgery have revolutionised kidney and prostate cancer treatment, with more minimally invasive procedures now being carried out than ever before. At the same time, technological advancements and the use of laser have changed the face of endourology. Several new innovative treatments are now commonplace for benign prostate enlargement (BPE). Management of prostate cancer now involves procedures such as robotic prostatectomy, brachytherapy, radiotherapy, cryotherapy and HIFU. Robotic partial nephrectomy and cryotherapy have changed the face of renal cancer. En-bloc resection of bladder cancer is challenging the traditional management of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer and becoming commonplace, while robotic cystectomy is also gaining popularity for muscle invasive bladder cancer. Newer surgical intervention related to BPE includes laser (holmium, thulium and green light), water-based treatment (Rezum, Aquablation) and other minimally invasive procedures such as prostate artery embolisation (PAE) and Urolift. Endourological procedures have incorporated newer laser types and settings such as moses technology, disposable ureteroscopes (URS) and minimisation of percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) instruments. All these technological innovations and improvements have led to shorter hospital stay, reduced cost, potential reduction in complications and improvement in the quality of life (QoL).

partial nephrectomy --- single site surgery --- sutureless --- CEUS --- contrast-enhanced ultrasound --- renal ultrasound --- image quality --- small renal mass (3–5) --- kidney stones --- metabolic syndrome --- urolithiasis --- nephrolithiasis --- kidney calculi --- diabetes mellitus --- acute kidney injury --- percutaneous nephrolithotomy --- urology --- artificial intelligence --- machine learning --- urinary incontinence --- kidney stone disease --- fertility --- reproductive urology --- renal cell carcinoma --- hydronephrosis --- urinary reflux --- endourology --- pediatric urology --- prostate cancer --- bladder cancer --- nephrostomy --- quality of life --- survival --- decision making --- ureteroscopy --- laser --- RIRS --- Moses --- holmium --- mineral water --- mineral composition --- drinking water --- still water --- sparkling water --- Ho:YAG laser --- thulium fiber laser --- laser fiber --- lithotripsy --- chronic prostatitis --- chronic pelvic pain syndrome --- extracorporeal shockwave therapy --- ESWT --- NIH-CPSI --- EHS --- IIEF-5 --- QoL --- urosepsis --- laser lithotripsy --- predictor factors --- PCNL --- renal tumour --- AI --- TFL

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The European Community (EC) is the world's second largest multilateral channel for development assistance (after the World Bank). Its combined programmes are the fifth-largest among the 22 Members of the OECD Development Assistance Committee (DAC), and EC programmes have grown an average 3.3 per cent annually over the past five years, while the combined effort of DAC countries declined by 4.7 per cent annually. The Community's allocation of resources to lower income countries has not kept pace, however, with the overall growth of the ODA budget over recent years. EC programmes operate within a complex organisation and management structure, and Brussels faces serious challenges of implementation in adapting its operations to achieve agreed development objectives. There have been important steps in the evolution of the European Commission structures: a Common Service has been created to implement co-operation activities for the four Directorates General. But there is still a need to strengthen the capacity of delegations in the field to work fully with partners in advancing local ownership and co-ordination. The EC has a strong role to play in improving the coherence of policies affecting developing countries. The report analyses this question in fields such as agriculture, trade, fisheries agreements and Community fishing fleet subsidies. Co-ordination with other donors also seems to be improving, which bodes well for better overall partnerships between donors and partner countries. In 1998, the development co-operation policy of the following DAC Member countries will be reviewed: Canada, Finland, Germany, Luxembourg, Spain, and the United States.

Economic development projects --- Evaluation. --- European Economic Community --- Economic assistance --- Technical assistance --- Development projects, Economic --- Projects, Economic development --- CEE --- Evropeĭskiĭ Soi︠u︡z --- C.E.E. --- Communauté économique européenne --- Comunidad Económica Europea --- Comunità economica europea --- EEC --- EC --- Europäische Wirtschaftsgemeinschaft --- Europejska Wspólnota Gospodarcza --- Europese Economische Gemeenschap --- Európai Gazdasági Közösség --- EHS --- Kurapʻa Kyŏngje Kongdongchʻe --- Kurapʻa Kongdong Sijang --- EEG --- Evropeĭska ikonomicheska obshtnost --- Evropské hospodářské spolecenstvi --- Comunidade Económica Europeia --- EWG --- Europæiske økonomiske fællesskab --- EØF --- Koinē Agora --- EOK --- MCE --- Mercado Común Europeo --- Europeiske økonomiske fellesskap --- Evropeĭskoe ėkonomicheskoe soobshchestvo --- MEC --- Evropska ekonomska zaednica --- EZZ --- Common Market --- Marché commun --- EĖS --- Avrupa Ekonomik Topluluğu --- AET --- Müşterek Pazar --- Ortak Pazar --- Sūq al-Ūrūbbīyah al-Mushtarakah --- Mercado Comum --- Europaikē Oikonomikē Koinotēta --- Evropska gospodarska skupnost --- Mercato comune --- EEZ --- Evropska ekonomska zajednica --- Euroopan Yhteisö --- EY --- EIO --- Shuḳ ha-Eropi ha-meʼuḥad --- Suq Komuni --- Eurōpaïkē Koinotēta --- Comunidade Européia --- Mercado Comum Europeau --- Unia Europejska --- Koinotēta --- E.G. --- קהילה האירופית --- קהילייה האירופאית --- שוק הארופאי המשותף --- Evropeisku Félagsmarknaðin --- EF --- CEE (European Economic Community) --- C.E.E. (European Economic Community) --- EEC (European Economic Community)

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Public finance --- European Economic Community --- Finance --- AA / International- internationaal --- 334.150.6 --- 336.1 --- 336.12 --- European Union --- 341.176 <4-15> --- 339.923 <4-15> --- Begrotingen en Rekenkamer van de Europese Gemeenschappen. --- Public finance, government finance in general --- Staatsfinancien. Staatshuishouding --- Finance. --- politique budgetaire --- ce --- begrotingsbeleid --- eg --- 336.12 Staatsfinancien. Staatshuishouding --- 336.1 Public finance, government finance in general --- CEE --- Evropeĭskiĭ Soi︠u︡z --- C.E.E. --- Communauté économique européenne --- Comunidad Económica Europea --- Comunità economica europea --- EEC --- EC --- Europäische Wirtschaftsgemeinschaft --- Europejska Wspólnota Gospodarcza --- Europese Economische Gemeenschap --- Európai Gazdasági Közösség --- EHS --- Kurapʻa Kyŏngje Kongdongchʻe --- Kurapʻa Kongdong Sijang --- EEG --- Evropeĭska ikonomicheska obshtnost --- Evropské hospodářské spolecenstvi --- Comunidade Económica Europeia --- EWG --- Europæiske økonomiske fællesskab --- EØF --- Koinē Agora --- EOK --- MCE --- Mercado Común Europeo --- Europeiske økonomiske fellesskap --- Evropeĭskoe ėkonomicheskoe soobshchestvo --- MEC --- Evropska ekonomska zaednica --- EZZ --- Common Market --- Marché commun --- EĖS --- Avrupa Ekonomik Topluluğu --- AET --- Müşterek Pazar --- Ortak Pazar --- Sūq al-Ūrūbbīyah al-Mushtarakah --- Mercado Comum --- Europaikē Oikonomikē Koinotēta --- Evropska gospodarska skupnost --- Mercato comune --- EEZ --- Evropska ekonomska zajednica --- Euroopan Yhteisö --- EY --- EIO --- Shuḳ ha-Eropi ha-meʼuḥad --- Suq Komuni --- Eurōpaïkē Koinotēta --- Comunidade Européia --- Mercado Comum Europeau --- Unia Europejska --- Koinotēta --- E.G. --- קהילה האירופית --- קהילייה האירופאית --- שוק הארופאי המשותף --- Evropeisku Félagsmarknaðin --- EF --- Begrotingen en Rekenkamer van de Europese Gemeenschappen --- CEE (European Economic Community) --- C.E.E. (European Economic Community) --- EEC (European Economic Community)

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Macroeconomics --- Economic conditions. Economic development --- European Union --- European Economic Community --- European Union. --- 341.176(4) --- AA / International- internationaal --- 334.150.0 --- Institutionele aspecten EG: algemeenheden. --- European Economic Community. --- CEE --- Evropeĭskiĭ Soi︠u︡z --- C.E.E. --- Communauté économique européenne --- Comunidad Económica Europea --- Comunità economica europea --- EEC --- EC --- Europäische Wirtschaftsgemeinschaft --- Europejska Wspólnota Gospodarcza --- Europese Economische Gemeenschap --- Európai Gazdasági Közösség --- EHS --- Kurapʻa Kyŏngje Kongdongchʻe --- Kurapʻa Kongdong Sijang --- EEG --- Evropeĭska ikonomicheska obshtnost --- Evropské hospodářské spolecenstvi --- Comunidade Económica Europeia --- EWG --- Europæiske økonomiske fællesskab --- EØF --- Koinē Agora --- EOK --- MCE --- Mercado Común Europeo --- Europeiske økonomiske fellesskap --- Evropeĭskoe ėkonomicheskoe soobshchestvo --- MEC --- Evropska ekonomska zaednica --- EZZ --- Common Market --- Marché commun --- EĖS --- Avrupa Ekonomik Topluluğu --- AET --- Müşterek Pazar --- Ortak Pazar --- Sūq al-Ūrūbbīyah al-Mushtarakah --- Mercado Comum --- Europaikē Oikonomikē Koinotēta --- Evropska gospodarska skupnost --- Mercato comune --- EEZ --- Evropska ekonomska zajednica --- Euroopan Yhteisö --- EY --- EIO --- Shuḳ ha-Eropi ha-meʼuḥad --- Suq Komuni --- Eurōpaïkē Koinotēta --- Comunidade Européia --- Mercado Comum Europeau --- Unia Europejska --- Koinotēta --- E.G. --- קהילה האירופית --- קהילייה האירופאית --- שוק הארופאי המשותף --- Evropeisku Félagsmarknaðin --- EF --- Institutionele aspecten EG: algemeenheden --- CEE (European Economic Community) --- C.E.E. (European Economic Community) --- EEC (European Economic Community)