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This book creates a balance between the theory, practical applications, and computer implementation behind Regression--one of the most widely used techniques in analyzing and solving real world problems. The book begins with a thorough explanation of prerequisite knowledge with a discussion of Simple Regression Analysis including the computer applications. This is followed by Multiple Regression--a widely used tool to predict a response variable using two or more predictors. Since the analyses of regression models involve tedious and complex computations, complete computer analysis including the interpretation of multiple regression problems along with the model adequacy tests and residual analysis using widely used computer software are presented. The use of computers relieves the analyst of tedious, repetitive calculations, and allows one to focus on creating and interpreting successful models. Finally, the book extends the concepts to Regression and Modeling. Different models that provide a good fit to a set of data and provide a good prediction of the response variable are discussed. Among models discussed are the nonlinear, higher order, and interaction models, including models with qualitative variables. Computer analysis and interpretation of computer results are presented with real world applications. We also discuss all subset regression and stepwise regression with applications. Several flow charts are presented to illustrate the concepts. The statistical concepts for regression, computer instructions for the software-- Excel and MINITAB--used in the book and all of the data files used can be downloaded from the website link provided.

Regression analysis --- Data processing. --- coefficient of correlation --- correlation --- dependent variable --- dummy variable --- independent variable --- interaction model --- least squares estimates --- least squares prediction equation --- linear regression --- multiple coefficient of determination --- multiple regression and modeling --- nonlinear models --- regression line --- residual analysis --- scatterplot --- second-order model --- stepwise regression

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In April 2014, the Government of Benin launched the entreprenant status, a simplified and free legal regime offered to small informal businesses to enter the formal economy. This paper presents the short-term results of a randomized impact evaluation testing three different versions of the entreprenant status on business registration decisions, each version including incremental incentives to registration: (i) information on the new legal status and its benefits, (ii) business training, counseling services, and support to open a bank account, (iii) tax mediation services. The study included 3,600 informal businesses operating with a fixed location in Cotonou, Benin, which were randomly allocated between three treatment groups and one control group. One year after the program launch, all versions of the program had significant impact on formalization rates. The impact was 9.1 percentage points in the first treatment group; 13 percentage points in the second group; and 15.8 percentage points in the last group. The program had a higher impact on male business owners, with more education, operating outside Dantokpa Market, in sectors other than trade, and that before being offered the incentives to formalization had characteristics similar to businesses that were already formal. Data from a second follow-up survey, which is expected to take place in March 2016, will explore the impacts on other outcomes, like business performances or access to banking.

Access to bank --- Account --- Accounting --- Administration --- Administrative process --- Advertising --- Artisans --- Bank account --- Bank financing --- Bank loan --- Banking system --- Beneficiaries --- Bookkeeping --- Budget --- Business --- Business activity --- Business entry --- Business environment --- Business facilitation --- Business in development --- Business management --- Business performance --- Business plan --- Business registration --- Business regulation --- Business services --- Business training --- Cash transfers --- Certificate --- Chamber of commerce --- Check --- Collateral --- Commerce --- Commercial bank --- Commercial law --- Communication --- Competitiveness --- Competitiveness and competition policy --- Contact information --- Contract --- Cost --- Customers --- Data --- Database --- Debit card --- Debt markets --- Deposit --- Developing countries --- Direct costs --- Dummy variable --- E-business --- Economic activity --- Electricity --- Enabling environment --- Enterprise development --- Exchange --- Finance --- Finance and financial sector development --- Financial products --- Financial statements --- Firm performance --- Future --- Good --- Human capital --- ID --- Impact evaluation --- Impacts --- Implementation --- Implementing agencies --- Information --- Information banks --- Information services --- Inspection --- Institution --- International bank --- International development --- International finance --- Legal environment --- Levy --- Liability --- License --- Limited liability --- Link --- Loan --- Market --- Medium enterprises --- Microenterprises --- Mobile phone --- Monitoring --- Network --- New markets --- One-stop shop --- Open access --- Option --- Ownership --- Performance --- Phone --- Phone number --- Private sector development --- Productivity --- Profit --- Protocol --- Quality --- Quality of services --- Registration process --- Registration system --- Result --- Returns --- Sales --- Selling --- Share --- Small business --- Tax --- Tax exemption --- Tax forms --- Tax obligations --- Tax rate --- Tax regime --- Tax system --- Technical assistance --- Trade sector --- Trading --- Transparency --- Turnover --- Unfair competition --- Uses --- Web

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This paper studies tax withholding on business sales, a widely used compliance mechanism which is largely ignored by public finance theory. The study introduces a withholding scheme, whereby the payer in a transaction collects tax from the payee, in a standard evasion model. If the taxpayer can fully reclaim the tax withheld, withholding is irrelevant to her evasion decision. If reclaim is costly, however, withholding establishes a compliance default. To show this empirically, the analysis exploits a ten-year panel of registration, income tax and sales tax records from 400,000 firms in Costa Rica, and over 20 million third-party information and withholding reports. The paper first documents the anatomy of compliance, providing novel measures of compliance gaps on the extensive, intensive and payment margins. It then shows that interventions leveraging the existing third-party information reduce these compliance gaps only marginally. Coverage by a withholding scheme, in contrast, is correlated with higher reported taxable income both across firms and within firms across time. Quasi-experimental estimations show that a doubling of the withholding rate leads to a 40 percent increase in tax payment among treated firms and a 10 percent increase in aggregate revenue. The mechanisms are incomplete reclaim of the tax withheld and reduced misreporting.

Added Tax. --- Assessment. --- Auction. --- Audit. --- Border Taxes. --- Business Tax. --- Capital Tax. --- Cash Transactions. --- Check. --- Communications. --- Compliance Gap. --- Corporate Income Tax. --- Corporate Tax. --- Corporate Taxation. --- Corporation Tax. --- Credit Card. --- Creditors. --- Customers. --- Debt Markets. --- Debtors. --- Default. --- Derivative. --- Developing Countries. --- Developing Economies. --- Dividend Tax. --- Dividend. --- Dummy Variable. --- Emerging Markets. --- Enforcement Mechanism. --- Enforcement. --- Eveloping Country. --- Exchange. --- Exports. --- Federal Reserve System. --- Federal Reserve. --- Finance and Financial Sector Development. --- Finance. --- Future. --- Goods. --- Governance. --- Government Revenue. --- Holding. --- Income Levels. --- Income Tax. --- Income Volatility. --- Income. --- Input Tax. --- Instrument. --- Interest. --- Internal Revenue. --- International Bank. --- Investment. --- Labor Market. --- Late Payments. --- Law and Development. --- Levies. --- Liability. --- Liquidity. --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth. --- Marginal Tax Rates. --- Market. --- Middle-Income Country. --- Optimal Taxation. --- Output. --- Payment Methods. --- Payment Obligation. --- Personal Income Tax. --- Personal Income. --- Political Economy. --- Power Parity. --- Private Sector Development. --- Property Tax. --- Property. --- Public Finance. --- Remittance. --- Rent. --- Reserve. --- Retirement Savings. --- Return. --- Revenue. --- Risk Aversion. --- Sale of Goods. --- Sales Tax. --- Saving. --- Savings Accounts. --- Share. --- Tax Administration. --- Tax Audit. --- Tax Base. --- Tax Brackets. --- Tax Collection. --- Tax Compliance. --- Tax Credits. --- Tax Enforcement. --- Tax Evasion. --- Tax Incentive. --- Tax Law. --- Tax Liability. --- Tax Payers. --- Tax Rate. --- Tax Reform. --- Tax Reports. --- Tax Return. --- Tax Revenue. --- Tax Sales. --- Tax Structures. --- Tax System. --- Tax. --- Taxable Activities. --- Taxable Income. --- Taxation and Subsidies. --- Taxation. --- Taxpayer Compliance. --- Taxpayer. --- Trade. --- Transaction Cost. --- Transaction. --- Transport Economics Policy and Planning. --- Transport. --- Value Added Tax. --- Volatility. --- Wealth Tax. --- World Development Indicators.

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Econometric Modeling provides a new and stimulating introduction to econometrics, focusing on modeling. The key issue confronting empirical economics is to establish sustainable relationships that are both supported by data and interpretable from economic theory. The unified likelihood-based approach of this book gives students the required statistical foundations of estimation and inference, and leads to a thorough understanding of econometric techniques. David Hendry and Bent Nielsen introduce modeling for a range of situations, including binary data sets, multiple regression, and cointe.

Econometric models. --- Econometrics. --- Accuracy and precision. --- Asymptotic distribution. --- Autocorrelation. --- Autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity. --- Autoregressive model. --- Bayesian statistics. --- Bayesian. --- Bernoulli distribution. --- Bias of an estimator. --- Calculation. --- Central limit theorem. --- Chow test. --- Cointegration. --- Conditional expectation. --- Conditional probability distribution. --- Confidence interval. --- Confidence region. --- Correlation and dependence. --- Correlogram. --- Count data. --- Cross-sectional data. --- Cross-sectional regression. --- Distribution function. --- Dummy variable (statistics). --- Econometric model. --- Empirical distribution function. --- Equation. --- Error term. --- Estimation. --- Estimator. --- Exogeny. --- Exploratory data analysis. --- F-distribution. --- F-test. --- Fair coin. --- Forecast error. --- Forecasting. --- Granger causality. --- Heteroscedasticity. --- Inference. --- Instrumental variable. --- Joint probability distribution. --- Law of large numbers. --- Least absolute deviations. --- Least squares. --- Likelihood function. --- Likelihood-ratio test. --- Linear regression. --- Logistic regression. --- Lucas critique. --- Marginal distribution. --- Markov process. --- Mathematical optimization. --- Maximum likelihood estimation. --- Model selection. --- Monte Carlo method. --- Moving-average model. --- Multiple correlation. --- Multivariate normal distribution. --- Nonparametric regression. --- Normal distribution. --- Normality test. --- One-Tailed Test. --- Opportunity cost. --- Orthogonalization. --- P-value. --- Parameter. --- Partial correlation. --- Poisson regression. --- Probability. --- Probit model. --- Quantile. --- Quantity. --- Quasi-likelihood. --- Random variable. --- Regression analysis. --- Residual sum of squares. --- Round-off error. --- Seemingly unrelated regressions. --- Selection bias. --- Simple linear regression. --- Skewness. --- Standard deviation. --- Standard error. --- Stationary process. --- Statistic. --- Student's t-test. --- Sufficient statistic. --- Summary statistics. --- T-statistic. --- Test statistic. --- Time series. --- Type I and type II errors. --- Unit root test. --- Unit root. --- Utility. --- Variable (mathematics). --- Variance. --- Vector autoregression. --- White test.

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"How the medieval church drove state formation in EuropeSacred Foundations argues that the medieval church was a fundamental force in European state formation. Existing accounts focus on early modern warfare or contracts between the rulers and the ruled. In contrast, this major study shows that the Catholic Church both competed with medieval monarchs and provided critical templates for governing institutions, the rule of law, and parliaments.The Catholic Church was the most powerful, wealthiest, and best-organized political actor in the Middle Ages. Starting in the eleventh century, the papacy fought for the autonomy of the church, challenging European rulers and then claiming authority over people, territory, and monarchs alike. Anna Grzymała-Busse demonstrates how the church shaped distinct aspects of the European state. Conflicts with the papacy fragmented territorial authority in Europe for centuries to come, propagating urban autonomy and ideas of sovereignty. Thanks to its organizational advantages and human capital, the church also developed the institutional precedents adopted by rulers across Europe-from chanceries and taxation to courts and councils. Church innovations made possible both the rule of law and parliamentary representation.Bringing to light a wealth of historical evidence about papal conflict, excommunications, and ecclesiastical institutions, Sacred Foundations reveals how the challenge and example of powerful religious authorities gave rise to secular state institutions and galvanized state capacity"-- "Sacred Foundations argues that the medieval church was a fundamental force in European state formation. Existing accounts focus on early modern warfare or contracts between the rulers and the ruled. In contrast, this major study shows that the Catholic Church both competed with medieval monarchs and provided critical templates for governing institutions, the rule of law, and parliaments. The Catholic Church was the most powerful, wealthiest, and best-organized political actor in the Middle Ages. Starting in the eleventh century, the papacy fought for the autonomy of the church, challenging European rulers and then claiming authority over people, territory, and monarchs alike. Anna Grzymała-Busse demonstrates how the church shaped distinct aspects of the European state. Conflicts with the papacy fragmented territorial authority in Europe for centuries to come, propagating urban autonomy and ideas of sovereignty. Thanks to its organizational advantages and human capital, the church also developed the institutional precedents adopted by rulers across Europe-from chanceries and taxation to courts and councils. Church innovations made possible both the rule of law and parliamentary representation. Bringing to light a wealth of historical evidence about papal conflict, excommunications, and ecclesiastical institutions, Sacred Foundations reveals how the challenge and example of powerful religious authorities gave rise to secular state institutions and galvanized state capacity"--

Church and state --- Christianity --- History. --- Influence. --- Europe --- Council of Europe countries --- Eastern Hemisphere --- Eurasia --- Church history --- Politics and government --- History --- 14th century. --- Adversarial system. --- Arbitration award. --- Archbishop of Canterbury. --- Archdeacon. --- Audit. --- Avignon. --- Baron. --- Benefice. --- Canon law (Catholic Church). --- Capitalism. --- Catholic Church in England and Wales. --- Cistercians. --- Clergy. --- Commercial Revolution. --- Common Pool. --- Conciliarism. --- Consent. --- Control variable. --- Criminal law. --- De facto. --- Debtor. --- Doctrine. --- Donation of Constantine. --- Dummy variable (statistics). --- Early modern period. --- Enthusiasm. --- Eternal life (Christianity). --- Exchequer. --- Excommunication. --- Exemption (church). --- Expenditure. --- Expense. --- Fisc. --- Forms of government. --- Friar. --- Fuero. --- Holy Roman Empire. --- Human capital. --- Hussite Wars. --- Imperial election. --- Institution. --- Interdependence. --- Investiture Controversy. --- Jean Gerson. --- Joint attention. --- Jurisdiction. --- Jurist. --- Justice of the peace. --- Justification (theology). --- Language code. --- Language. --- Languedoc. --- Lawyer. --- Lollardy. --- Lump sum. --- Magnanimity. --- Merciless Parliament. --- Moneyer. --- Monogamy. --- Null hypothesis. --- Pacta sunt servanda. --- Panel data. --- Pawnbroker. --- Pope Gregory IX. --- Pope Leo X. --- Pope Paul III. --- Pope Pius X. --- Pope. --- Popularity. --- Precedent. --- Prerogative. --- Property law. --- Prosecutor. --- Public morality. --- Reprisal. --- Residence. --- Right of passage. --- Roman Law. --- Ruler. --- Scientist. --- Separation of church and state. --- Skill. --- Social environment. --- Social intelligence. --- Sources of law. --- Sovereignty. --- Spoken language. --- State formation. --- Statutes of Mortmain. --- Superiority (short story). --- Supranational union. --- Symbolic communication. --- Tax. --- Throne. --- Tories (British political party). --- Whigs (British political party). --- William of Ockham. --- World government. --- Writ of prohibition. --- Canon law --- Clergy --- Clergy members --- Clergymen --- Diocesan clergy --- Ecclesiastics --- Indigenous clergy --- Major orders --- Members of the clergy --- Ministers (Clergy) --- Ministers of the gospel --- Native clergy --- Ordained clergy --- Ordained ministers --- Orders, Major --- Pastors --- Rectors --- Secular clergy --- Religious leaders --- Public law (Canon law) --- Law --- Ecclesiastical law --- Rescripts, Papal --- Catholic Church --- Christian church history --- History of Europe --- anno 500-1499 --- anno 1500-1799 --- Dogma.