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The ebook edition of this title is Open Access and freely available to read online. The international strategy of criminalising the cultivation, manufacture, distribution and use of certain psychoactive substances has failed to achieve a 'drug free world'. Examining the impact of drug criminalisation and enforcement on a previously overlooked demographic, this edited collection argues that women are negatively and disproportionately affected by this flawed policy approach. Addressing the lack of attention on the experience of women, this collection details the challenges women face in accessing appropriate treatment and services, the stigmatisation and marginalisation resulting from engagement in illegal drug markets, the violence that women are exposed to, and the punitive sentences imposed on women for drug related offences. Bringing together an international group of academics, advocates, activists and those with lived experience, the editors offer a rounded and realistic view from women's perspectives. In doing so, they facilitate a call for feminist and women's organisations to embrace drug policy reform, and for international and national level drug control authorities to better engage women as stakeholders.

Women --- Drug control. --- Social Science --- Drugs trade, drug trafficking. --- Drug use. --- Women's Studies.

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Conflict, including the threat or fear of potential violence, or being witness to or a victim of physical violence, constantly surrounds gangs and their communities and is the principal driver sustaining gang life. This Special Issue examines the diverse nature of gang-related violence with the goal of better understanding the growing complexities of gang violence over the last two decades to better inform public policy solutions. The contributions included in this Special Issue highlight the complex nature of gang-related violence in the 21st Century. As much as policy makers, the media, and even scholars like to simplify gang-related violence, all of the studies included in this Special Issue highlight the nuance and variation that exists.

Law --- Drugs trade / drug trafficking --- street gangs --- public health --- Good Lives Model --- intervention --- prevention --- gang --- violence --- incident reports --- police data --- drug markets --- gangs --- opioids --- overdose --- spatial concentration --- generalized cross-entropy --- street gang violence --- civil gang injunctions --- conflict network --- social network analysis --- social networks --- crisis --- organized crime --- homicide --- retaliation --- gang homicide --- comparative research --- ethnography --- gang violence --- desistance --- network composition --- criminal behavior --- homicide types --- disaggregation --- latent class analysis --- shootings --- social media --- focused deterrence --- n/a

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In the past three decades, a stream of criminological inquiry has emerged which explores, measures, and theorizes crimes and harms to the environment at the micro-, mezzo-, and macro-levels. This “green criminology”, as it has come to be known, has widened the criminological gaze to consider crimes and harms committed against air, land (from forests to wetlands), nonhuman animals, and water in local, regional, national, and international areas or arenas. Accordingly, green criminology has endeavored to understand the causes and consequences of air and water pollution, biodiversity loss, climate change, corporate environmental crime (e.g., illegal waste disposal), food production and distribution, resource extraction and exploitation, and wildlife trade and trafficking, while also exploring potential responses to these issues. This book seeks to introduce the green criminological perspective to a broader social science audience. Recognizing that green criminology is not the first social science to explore the phenomena and harms at the intersections of humanity and ecology, this book offers an introduction to some of the unique insights developed over nearly 30 years of green criminological thought and scholarship to students, professors, researchers, and practitioners working in the fields of anthropology, economics, environmental humanities, environmental sociology, geography, history, and political ecology. This book contains contributions from researchers in green criminology from around the world, including early- and mid-career scholars, as well as more established voices in the field—all of whom are dedicated to exposing, understanding, and ultimately hoping to thwart further environmental degradation and despoliation.

Law --- Drugs trade / drug trafficking --- biogeography --- ciliates --- Paramecium quindecaurelia --- cytochrome C oxidase subunit I gene --- sibling species --- species concept in protists --- bacterial symbionts --- symbiosis --- intranuclear bacteria --- Holospora --- Gortzia --- Paramecium --- Micractinium tetrahymenae --- Tetrahymena --- Utricularia --- facultative endosymbiosis --- ciliate-algae symbiosis --- Chlorella variabilis --- Micractinium conductrix --- diagnostic PCR --- ciliate-algae symbiosis --- Holospora-like bacteria --- host-parasite interactions --- 16S rRNA gene --- full-cycle rRNA approach --- TEM --- fluorescence in situ hybridization --- algal-ciliate symbiosis --- mycosporine-like amino acids --- Pelagodileptus trachelioides --- planktonic freshwater ciliates --- Stokesia vernalis --- Vorticella chlorellata --- Chlorella --- endosymbiosis --- intracellular algae --- Micractinium --- photobiont --- infection --- syngen --- biogeography --- ciliates --- Paramecium quindecaurelia --- cytochrome C oxidase subunit I gene --- sibling species --- species concept in protists --- bacterial symbionts --- symbiosis --- intranuclear bacteria --- Holospora --- Gortzia --- Paramecium --- Micractinium tetrahymenae --- Tetrahymena --- Utricularia --- facultative endosymbiosis --- ciliate-algae symbiosis --- Chlorella variabilis --- Micractinium conductrix --- diagnostic PCR --- ciliate-algae symbiosis --- Holospora-like bacteria --- host-parasite interactions --- 16S rRNA gene --- full-cycle rRNA approach --- TEM --- fluorescence in situ hybridization --- algal-ciliate symbiosis --- mycosporine-like amino acids --- Pelagodileptus trachelioides --- planktonic freshwater ciliates --- Stokesia vernalis --- Vorticella chlorellata --- Chlorella --- endosymbiosis --- intracellular algae --- Micractinium --- photobiont --- infection --- syngen