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This thesis focuses on the investigation of different magnetoresistance effects of permalloy (Py) nanoconstrictions. Py nanoconstrictions are electromigrated to different conductance values, down to the ballistic transport regime. At each conductance, domain wall magnetoresistance ratio and anisotropic magnetoresistance ratio are recorded. A general trend of decrease is observed in both effects.
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The emerging field of spintronics offers the prospect of lower power consumption and higher performances for future technologies. Materials with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA), like FePd, are promising candidates to be used in spintronic devices. This thesis is a study of the domain-wall structure and the reversal mechanisms in FePd thin films, by means of micromagnetic simulations. The handedness (or chirality) of the domain walls is finally investigated. The results are compared with experimental magnetic measurements and neutron scattering measurements. Le domaine émergent de la spintronique promet un diminution de la consommation d'énergie et de meilleures performances pour les technologies futures. Les matériaux à anisotropie magnétique perpendiculaire (PMA), comme le FePd, sont des candidats prometteurs pour être utilisés dans les dispositifs spintroniques. Ce travail est une étude de la structure des parois des domaines magnétiques et des mécanismes d'inversion dans des couches minces de FePd, au moyen de simulations micromagnétiques. La chiralité des parois est également étudiée. Les résultats sont comparés à des mesures expérimentales magnétiques et de diffraction de neutrons.
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The present volume “New Trends in Lithium Niobate: From Bulk to Nanocrystals” contains the materials of a Special Issue of the MDPI journal Crystals dedicated to the memory of Prof. Dr. Ortwin F. Schirmer and provides a new synopsis of his research focusing on LiNbO3. It also includes recent developments, exemplifying the continued interest in this outstanding ferroelectric, non-linear optical and holographic crystal as a workhorse for testing and realizing new ideas and applications.This book starts with reviews on intrinsic and extrinsic crystal defects in LiNbO3 of single-crystal, thin-film or nano-powder forms, studied by various optical, magnetic resonance and nuclear methods, clarifying in particular the reasons for the suppression of anion vacancy formation upon thermal reduction, mechano-chemical processing or irradiations of various types. The reviews are followed by research papers on the experimental and theoretical investigation of small polarons, together with recent results on the properties of Li(Nb,Ta)O3 mixed crystals. Among the various contributions dealing with nonlinear optical applications, papers on device development, entangled photon pair generation and thin films on the Lithium Niobate On Insulator (LNOI) platform can also be found.
Research & information: general --- lithium niobate --- small polaron hopping --- transient absorption --- mode-locked laser --- nonlinear mirror mode locking --- lithium tantalate --- crystal structure --- chemical composition --- ferroelectrics --- second harmonic generation --- lead-free piezoelectrics --- intrinsic defects --- extrinsic defects --- elemental doping --- ferromagnetism --- diluted-magnetic oxides --- LiNbO3 --- LiTaO3 --- oxide crystals --- lanthanides --- luminescence --- LNOI --- ferroelectric domains --- domain-wall conduction --- AFM --- thin film lithium niobate --- TFLN --- x-cut LN --- domain walls --- piezoresponse force microscopy --- second-harmonic generation --- Raman scattering --- electro-optics --- whispering gallery resonators --- polarons --- photorefractivity --- Marcus-Holstein’s theory --- Monte Carlo simulations --- strontium titanate --- self-trapped electrons --- oxygen vacancies --- defects --- impurity --- intrinsic defect --- paramagnetic ion --- electron paramagnetic resonance --- electron nuclear double resonance --- lithium vacancy --- lithium --- niobate --- epitaxy --- thin film --- liquid phase epitaxy --- molecular beam epitaxy --- sputtering --- pulsed laser deposition --- chemical vapor deposition --- lithium niobate-tantalate --- piezoelectric --- acoustic --- high-temperature --- sensor --- Q-factor --- BAW resonator --- parametric down-conversion --- photon-pair generation --- extended phase matching --- microring resonator --- varFDTD --- lithium tantalate thin film --- electro-optical devices --- lattice location --- radiation damage --- ion beam analysis --- hyperfine interactions --- charge localization --- lattice deformation --- optical response --- density-functional theory --- Bethe-Salpeter equation --- nanoparticles --- nanopowders --- X-ray diffraction --- Raman spectroscopy --- temperature dependence of electroconductivity --- bipolarons --- defect structure and generation --- Li diffusion --- bulk crystals --- thin films --- nanocrystals --- lithium niobate --- small polaron hopping --- transient absorption --- mode-locked laser --- nonlinear mirror mode locking --- lithium tantalate --- crystal structure --- chemical composition --- ferroelectrics --- second harmonic generation --- lead-free piezoelectrics --- intrinsic defects --- extrinsic defects --- elemental doping --- ferromagnetism --- diluted-magnetic oxides --- LiNbO3 --- LiTaO3 --- oxide crystals --- lanthanides --- luminescence --- LNOI --- ferroelectric domains --- domain-wall conduction --- AFM --- thin film lithium niobate --- TFLN --- x-cut LN --- domain walls --- piezoresponse force microscopy --- second-harmonic generation --- Raman scattering --- electro-optics --- whispering gallery resonators --- polarons --- photorefractivity --- Marcus-Holstein’s theory --- Monte Carlo simulations --- strontium titanate --- self-trapped electrons --- oxygen vacancies --- defects --- impurity --- intrinsic defect --- paramagnetic ion --- electron paramagnetic resonance --- electron nuclear double resonance --- lithium vacancy --- lithium --- niobate --- epitaxy --- thin film --- liquid phase epitaxy --- molecular beam epitaxy --- sputtering --- pulsed laser deposition --- chemical vapor deposition --- lithium niobate-tantalate --- piezoelectric --- acoustic --- high-temperature --- sensor --- Q-factor --- BAW resonator --- parametric down-conversion --- photon-pair generation --- extended phase matching --- microring resonator --- varFDTD --- lithium tantalate thin film --- electro-optical devices --- lattice location --- radiation damage --- ion beam analysis --- hyperfine interactions --- charge localization --- lattice deformation --- optical response --- density-functional theory --- Bethe-Salpeter equation --- nanoparticles --- nanopowders --- X-ray diffraction --- Raman spectroscopy --- temperature dependence of electroconductivity --- bipolarons --- defect structure and generation --- Li diffusion --- bulk crystals --- thin films --- nanocrystals
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About 120 years ago, James Clerk Maxwell introduced his now legendary hypothetical "demon" as a challenge to the integrity of the second law of thermodynamics. Fascination with the demon persisted throughout the development of statistical and quantum physics, information theory, and computer science--and linkages have been established between Maxwell's demon and each of these disciplines. The demon's seductive quality makes it appealing to physical scientists, engineers, computer scientists, biologists, psychologists, and historians and philosophers of science. Until now its important source material has been scattered throughout diverse journals.This book brings under one cover twenty-five reprints, including seminal works by Maxwell and William Thomson; historical reviews by Martin Klein, Edward Daub, and Peter Heimann; information theoretic contributions by Leo Szilard, Leon Brillouin, Dennis Gabor, and Jerome Rothstein; and innovations by Rolf Landauer and Charles Bennett illustrating linkages with the limits of computation. An introductory chapter summarizes the demon's life, from Maxwell's illustration of the second law's statistical nature to the most recent "exorcism" of the demon based on a need periodically to erase its memory. An annotated chronological bibliography is included.Originally published in 1990.The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback and hardcover editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.
Thermodynamics. --- Chemistry, Physical and theoretical --- Dynamics --- Mechanics --- Physics --- Heat --- Heat-engines --- Quantum theory --- Maxwell's demon. --- Adiabatic process. --- Automaton. --- Available energy (particle collision). --- Billiard-ball computer. --- Black hole information paradox. --- Black hole thermodynamics. --- Black-body radiation. --- Boltzmann's entropy formula. --- Boyle's law. --- Calculation. --- Carnot's theorem (thermodynamics). --- Catalysis. --- Chaos theory. --- Computation. --- Copying. --- Creation and annihilation operators. --- Digital physics. --- Dissipation. --- Distribution law. --- Domain wall. --- EPR paradox. --- Energy level. --- Entropy of mixing. --- Entropy. --- Exchange interaction. --- Expectation value (quantum mechanics). --- Extrapolation. --- Fair coin. --- Fermi–Dirac statistics. --- Gibbs free energy. --- Gibbs paradox. --- Guessing. --- Halting problem. --- Hamiltonian mechanics. --- Heat engine. --- Heat. --- Helmholtz free energy. --- Ideal gas. --- Idealization. --- Information theory. --- Instant. --- Internal energy. --- Irreversible process. --- James Prescott Joule. --- Johnson–Nyquist noise. --- Kinetic theory of gases. --- Laws of thermodynamics. --- Least squares. --- Loschmidt's paradox. --- Ludwig Boltzmann. --- Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution. --- Mean free path. --- Measurement. --- Mechanical equivalent of heat. --- Microscopic reversibility. --- Molecule. --- Negative temperature. --- Negentropy. --- Newton's law of universal gravitation. --- Nitrous oxide. --- Non-equilibrium thermodynamics. --- Old quantum theory. --- Particle in a box. --- Perpetual motion. --- Photon. --- Probability. --- Quantity. --- Quantum limit. --- Quantum mechanics. --- Rectangular potential barrier. --- Result. --- Reversible computing. --- Reversible process (thermodynamics). --- Richard Feynman. --- Rolf Landauer. --- Rudolf Clausius. --- Scattering. --- Schrödinger equation. --- Second law of thermodynamics. --- Self-information. --- Spontaneous process. --- Standard state. --- Statistical mechanics. --- Superselection. --- Temperature. --- Theory of heat. --- Theory. --- Thermally isolated system. --- Thermodynamic equilibrium. --- Thermodynamic system. --- Thought experiment. --- Turing machine. --- Ultimate fate of the universe. --- Uncertainty principle. --- Unitarity (physics). --- Van der Waals force. --- Wave function collapse. --- Work output.
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The present volume “New Trends in Lithium Niobate: From Bulk to Nanocrystals” contains the materials of a Special Issue of the MDPI journal Crystals dedicated to the memory of Prof. Dr. Ortwin F. Schirmer and provides a new synopsis of his research focusing on LiNbO3. It also includes recent developments, exemplifying the continued interest in this outstanding ferroelectric, non-linear optical and holographic crystal as a workhorse for testing and realizing new ideas and applications.This book starts with reviews on intrinsic and extrinsic crystal defects in LiNbO3 of single-crystal, thin-film or nano-powder forms, studied by various optical, magnetic resonance and nuclear methods, clarifying in particular the reasons for the suppression of anion vacancy formation upon thermal reduction, mechano-chemical processing or irradiations of various types. The reviews are followed by research papers on the experimental and theoretical investigation of small polarons, together with recent results on the properties of Li(Nb,Ta)O3 mixed crystals. Among the various contributions dealing with nonlinear optical applications, papers on device development, entangled photon pair generation and thin films on the Lithium Niobate On Insulator (LNOI) platform can also be found.
lithium niobate --- small polaron hopping --- transient absorption --- mode-locked laser --- nonlinear mirror mode locking --- lithium tantalate --- crystal structure --- chemical composition --- ferroelectrics --- second harmonic generation --- lead-free piezoelectrics --- intrinsic defects --- extrinsic defects --- elemental doping --- ferromagnetism --- diluted-magnetic oxides --- LiNbO3 --- LiTaO3 --- oxide crystals --- lanthanides --- luminescence --- LNOI --- ferroelectric domains --- domain-wall conduction --- AFM --- thin film lithium niobate --- TFLN --- x-cut LN --- domain walls --- piezoresponse force microscopy --- second-harmonic generation --- Raman scattering --- electro-optics --- whispering gallery resonators --- polarons --- photorefractivity --- Marcus-Holstein’s theory --- Monte Carlo simulations --- strontium titanate --- self-trapped electrons --- oxygen vacancies --- defects --- impurity --- intrinsic defect --- paramagnetic ion --- electron paramagnetic resonance --- electron nuclear double resonance --- lithium vacancy --- lithium --- niobate --- epitaxy --- thin film --- liquid phase epitaxy --- molecular beam epitaxy --- sputtering --- pulsed laser deposition --- chemical vapor deposition --- lithium niobate-tantalate --- piezoelectric --- acoustic --- high-temperature --- sensor --- Q-factor --- BAW resonator --- parametric down-conversion --- photon-pair generation --- extended phase matching --- microring resonator --- varFDTD --- lithium tantalate thin film --- electro-optical devices --- lattice location --- radiation damage --- ion beam analysis --- hyperfine interactions --- charge localization --- lattice deformation --- optical response --- density-functional theory --- Bethe-Salpeter equation --- nanoparticles --- nanopowders --- X-ray diffraction --- Raman spectroscopy --- temperature dependence of electroconductivity --- bipolarons --- defect structure and generation --- Li diffusion --- bulk crystals --- thin films --- nanocrystals
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