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The footwear case provides an example of the complexities of World Trade Organization (WTO) rules on the use of safeguards, and of the interaction of multilateral and regional processes of liberalization. As a result both of Argentina's unilateral liberalization and the removal of barriers within Mercosur, imports of footwear increased rapidly. As Mercosur provides no intra-regional safeguard mechanism, the government of Argentina responded by applying import relief and WTO safeguards against third countries. The WTO Dispute Settlement Body addressed these measures and as a consequence, Argentina dismantled most of them, leading to four main conclusions: The jurisprudence of the WTO's Appellate Body has created serious uncertainty as to when a country can use safeguards. This does not contribute to the political balance that has to be maintained when developing countries implement trade liberalization programs. In fact, it detracts from this crucial goal. It is an error to negotiate ambiguous multilateral agreements on the expectation that the WTO Dispute Settlement mechanism will clarify them. An overvalued currency heightened the industry's problems. In the case of footwear, the decline in imports following the recent devaluation was more important than that following the implementation of earlier relief measures. The political economy of liberalization also indicates the need for regional agreements to include adequate transition mechanisms that will facilitate adjustment to free trade and to maintain support for it.

Appellate Body --- Currencies and Exchange Rates --- Dispute Settlement --- Dispute Settlement Body --- Dispute Settlement Mechanism --- Economic Theory and Research --- Emerging Markets --- Exchange Rate --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Free Trade --- Import Relief --- International Economics & Trade --- International Trade --- Law and Development --- Liberalization Of Trade --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Multilateral Agreements --- Policy Research --- Private Sector Development --- Public Sector Development --- Regional Agreements --- Regional Integration --- Regional Integration Agreements --- Regional Trade --- Safeguard Measures --- Trade --- Trade Barriers --- Trade Law --- Trade Liberalization --- Trade Policy --- World Trade Organization

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One of the most prominent and urgent problems in international governance is how the different branches and norms of international law interact and what to do in the event of conflict. With no single 'international legislator' and a multitude of states, international organisations and tribunals making and enforcing the law, the international legal system is decentralised. This leads to a wide variety of international norms, ranging from customary international law and general principles of law, to multilateral and bilateral treaties on trade, the environment, human rights, the law of the sea, etc. Pauwelyn provides a framework on how these different norms interact, focusing on the relationship between the law of the World Trade Organisation (WTO) and other rules of international law. He also examines the hierarchy of norms within the WTO treaty. His recurring theme is how to marry trade and non-trade rules, or economic and non-economic objectives at the international level.

Foreign trade regulation. --- Arbitration (International law) --- Conflict of laws. --- Arbitration, International --- International arbitration --- International political arbitration --- Pacific settlement of international disputes --- International commissions of inquiry --- Jurisdiction (International law) --- Mediation, International --- Choice of law --- Conflict of laws --- Intermunicipal law --- International law, Private --- International private law --- Private international law --- Law --- Legal polycentricity --- Export and import controls --- Foreign trade control --- Foreign trade regulation --- Import and export controls --- International trade --- International trade control --- International trade regulation --- Prohibited exports and imports --- Trade regulation --- Civil law --- Law and legislation --- World Trade Organization. --- General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (Organization) --- Biśva Bāṇijya Saṃsthā --- Dėlkhiĭn Khudaldaany Baĭguullaga --- DTÖ --- Dünya Ticaret Örgütü --- Munaẓẓamat al-Tijārah al-ʻĀlamīyah --- O.M.C. --- OMC --- ʻOngkān Kānkhā Lōk --- Organisation mondiale du commerce --- Organização Mundial do Comércio --- Organización Mundial de Comercio --- Organización Mundial del Comercio --- Organizația Mondială de Comerț --- Organizzazione mondiale del commercio --- Organizzazione mondiale per il commercio --- Qaṅgkār Bāṇijjakamm Bibhab Lok --- Sāzmān-i Tijārat-i Jahānī --- Shi jie mao yi zu zhi --- SOT --- Světová obchodní organizace --- Svitova orhanizat︠s︡ii︠a︡ torhivli --- Światowa Organizacja Handlu --- Tổ chức thương mại thế giới --- Viśva Vyapāra Saṅgaṭhana --- Vsemirnai︠a︡ torgovai︠a︡ organizat︠s︡ii︠a︡ --- VTO --- W.T.O. --- Welthandelsorganisation --- World Trade Organisation --- WTO --- منظمة التجارة العالمية --- 世界貿易組織 --- 世界贸易组织 --- Dispute resolution (Law) --- International law --- Commerce extérieur --- Règlement de conflits --- Droit international --- Réglementation --- World Trade Organization --- Legal theory and methods. Philosophy of law --- Arbitration (International law). --- Dispute resolution (Law). --- public international law. --- private international law. --- international trade law. --- World Trade Organisation. --- Dispute Settlement Body. --- international commercial arbitration. --- starptautiskā tirdzniecības arbitrāža --- eadráin tráchtála idirnáisiúnta --- меѓународна трговска арбитража --- internationale Handelschiedsgerichtsbarkeit --- mednarodna trgovinska arbitraža --- διεθνής εμπορική διαιτησία --- arbitrazh tregtar ndërkombëtar --- arbitraj comercial internațional --- kansainvälinen kaupan välitysmenettely --- подсъдност на международен търговски съд --- rahvusvaheline kaubanduslik vahekohtumenetlus --- internationale arbitrage in handelsgeschillen --- međunarodna trgovačka arbitraža --- nemzetközi kereskedelmi választottbíráskodás --- arbitrage commercial international --- arbitragem comercial internacional --- arbitraje comercial internacional --- międzynarodowy arbitraż handlowy --- arbitrato commerciale internazionale --- international handelsvoldgift --- medzinárodná obchodná arbitráž --- mezinárodní obchodní arbitráž --- internationellt skiljedomsförfarande i handelstvister --- arbitraġġ kummerċjali internazzjonali --- међународна трговинска арбитража --- tarptautinis komercinis arbitražas --- mezinárodní obchodní smírčí řízení --- mezinárodní obchodní rozhodčí řízení --- Organul de Soluționare a Diferendelor --- An Comhlacht um Réiteach Díospóidí --- Институция за разрешаване на спорове --- Organet för tvistlösning --- Órgão de Resolução de Litígios --- vaidluste lahendamise organ --- Organ Rozstrzygania Sporów --- Organe de règlement des différends --- Strīdu izšķiršanas organizācija --- Orgaan voor Geschillenbeslechting --- Instansen til Bilæggelse af Tvister --- Organ za reševanje sporov --- Órgano de Solución de Diferencias --- Орган за решавање спорова --- Organi i Zgjidhjes së Mosmarrëveshjeve --- Тело за разрешување спорови --- Vitarendezési Testület --- riitojenratkaisuelin --- organo di conciliazione --- Korp għas-Soluzzjoni tat-Tilwim --- Orgán pre urovnávanie sporov --- Tijelo za rješavanje sporova --- Ginčų sprendimo institucija --- Όργανο Επίλυσης Διαφορών --- Orgán pro řešení sporů --- Streitbeilegungsgremium --- ORL --- GSI --- OZM --- Geschillenbeslechtingsorgaan --- OUS --- ORD --- Tvistbilæggelsesinstansen --- OGB --- vitarendezésről szóló egyetértés --- DSB --- vitarendezési egyetértés --- ΟΕΔ --- OSD --- Παγκόσμιος Οργανισμός Εμπορίου --- Wereldhandelsorganisatie --- Organizația Mondială a Comerțului --- Maailma Kaubandusorganisatsioon --- Organizata Botërore e Tregëtisë --- Światowa Organizacja Handlu --- Светска трговинска организација --- Organización Mundial del Comercio --- Kereskedelmi Világszervezet --- Pasaulio prekybos organizacija --- Verdenshandelsorganisationen --- Světová obchodní organizace --- Svjetska trgovinska organizacija --- Световна търговска организация --- Organização Mundial do Comércio --- Pasaules Tirdzniecības organizācija --- l-OrganizzazzjoniDinjija tal-Kummerċ --- Светска трговска организација --- Världshandelsorganisationen --- An Eagraíocht Dhomhanda Trádála --- Maailman kauppajärjestö --- Svetová obchodná organizácia --- Svetovna trgovinska organizacija --- EDT --- STO --- OBT --- PTO (starptautiskā tirdzniecība) --- СТО --- WTO (l-Organizzazzjoni Dinjija tal-Kummerċ) --- Wereld-handelsorganisatie --- Světová organizace obchodu --- PPO --- ΠΟΕ --- dlí trádála idirnáisiúnta --- dritt kummerċjali internazzjonali --- internationales Handelsrecht --- drept comercial internațional --- Derecho comercial internacional --- kansainvälinen kauppaoikeus --- tarptautinė prekybos teisė --- e drejtë ndërkombëtare tregtare --- nemzetközi kereskedelmi jog --- international handelsret --- mednarodno trgovinsko pravo --- международно търговско право --- droit commercial international --- międzynarodowe prawo handlowe --- међународно трговинско право --- internationaal handelsrecht --- diritto commerciale internazionale --- διεθνές εμπορικό δίκαιο --- medzinárodné obchodné právo --- internationell handelsrätt --- direito comercial internacional --- međunarodno trgovačko pravo --- меѓународно трговско право --- rahvusvaheline kaubandusõigus --- mezinárodní obchodní právo --- starptautiskās tirdzniecības tiesības --- mezinárodní obchodní zákony --- međunarodno privatno pravo --- tarptautinė privatinė teisė --- nemzetközi magánjog --- dlí idirnáisiúnta príobháideach --- międzynarodowe prawo prywatne --- e drejtë ndërkombëtare private --- международно частно право --- international privatret --- medzinárodné súkromné právo --- Derecho internacional privado --- mednarodno zasebno pravo --- internationales Privatrecht --- internationell privaträtt --- droit international privé --- starptautiskās privāttiesības --- ιδιωτικό διεθνές δίκαιο --- internationaal privaatrecht --- diritto internazionale privato --- међународно приватно право --- drept internațional privat --- rahvusvaheline eraõigus --- kansainvälinen yksityisoikeus --- dritt privat internazzjonali --- direito internacional privado --- mezinárodní právo soukromé --- меѓународно приватно право --- меродавно право --- conflict of laws --- lei aplicável --- použitelný právní předpis --- kollisiooninorm --- wetsconflict --- διεθνές αστικό δίκαιο --- ley aplicable --- internationell civilrätt --- uporaba prava --- e drejtë civile ndërkombëtare --- conflito de leis --- conflict de legi --- international civilret --- collisieregel --- признавање и извршување странски судски одлуки --- меѓународна судска надлежност --- признавање и извршување странски управни одлуки --- toepasselijk recht --- direito civil internacional --- internationales Zivilrecht --- papajtueshmëri e ligjeve --- international civil law --- privatinė tarptautinė teisė --- prawo kolizyjne --- applicable law --- судир на законите --- международно гражданско право --- starptautiskās civiltiesības --- приложим закон --- Gesetzeskollision --- ligji i zbatueshëm --- likumu konflikts --- Derecho civil internacional --- gældende lov --- lagkollision --- teisės normų kolizija --- kolízia zákonov --- kolizja ustaw --- постапување по замолници --- lagkonflikt --- conflicto entre leyes --- процесна положба на странците --- internationaal burgerrecht --- tarptautinė civilinė teisė --- lovkonflikt --- taikytina teisė --- easaontas dlí --- conflitto di leggi. --- rahvusvaheline tsiviilõigus --- kollíziós jog --- lege aplicabilă --- konflitt tal-liġijiet --- σύγκρουση νόμων --- колизия на закони --- prawo mające zastosowanie --- међународно грађанско право --- wettenconflict --- kolize zákonů --- kolizija zakonov --- diritto civile internazionale --- spēkā esošs tiesību akts --- conflit de lois --- legge applicabile --- lainvalinta --- anwendbares Recht --- alkalmazandó jog --- меѓународна правна помош --- легализација на странски јавни исправи --- mezinárodní občanské právo --- conflito de ordens jurídicas --- loi applicable --- mednarodno civilno pravo --- tillämplig lag --- medzinárodné občianske právo --- conflicto de leyes --- kansainvälinen siviilioikeus --- сукоб закона --- rozhodné právo --- kohaldatav õigus --- droit civil international --- εφαρμοστέο δίκαιο --- sovellettava laki --- dlí príobháideach idirnáisiúnta --- e drejtë ndërkombëtare publike --- Völkerrecht --- međunarodno javno pravo --- mednarodno javno pravo --- dlí idirnáisiúnta poiblí --- folkeret --- Derecho internacional público --- droit international public --- международно публично право --- direito internacional público --- internationaal publiekrecht --- diritto internazionale pubblico --- folkrätt --- rahvusvaheline avalik õigus --- międzynarodowe prawo publiczne --- δημόσιο διεθνές δίκαιο --- tarptautinė viešoji teisė --- dritt internazzjonali pubbliku --- starptautiskās publiskās tiesības --- mezinárodní právo veřejné --- меѓународно јавно право --- nemzetközi közjog --- drept internațional public --- medzinárodné verejné právo --- kansainvälinen julkisoikeus --- међународно јавно право --- Δίκαιο των εθνών --- dlí idirnáisiúnta --- право на самоопределување на народите --- viešoji tarptautinė teisė --- diritto delle genti --- Völkergewohnheitsrecht --- меѓународна заедница --- суверена еднаквост на државите --- меѓународен правен поредок --- überstaatliches Recht --- volkenrecht --- General and Others