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This volume describes the impact of headache disorders on public health, and their adverse consequences for society. It opens with an overview of relevant headache disorders before describing, qualitatively, how the burdens attributable to these disorders fall upon adults, adolescents and children. In the second section, beginning with a methodological introduction discussing the principles and potential pitfalls of epidemiological studies assessing prevalence, headache-attributed burden and functional impact, the burdens of headache including financial cost are examined quantitatively and in detail. The third section critically reviews society’s response, its inadequacies and the scope for improvement. Topics here include the political failure to recognize the public ill-health and cost that are the consequences of inadequate headache care; the role of the WHO in addressing the problem; headache service organization, delivery and quality; and the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of interventions. The book closes by considering the way forward. This volume contains important messages for primary care and is likely to be of even greater interest to headache specialists and those concerned with public health and health policy.

Internal medicine. --- Neurology . --- Pain medicine. --- Health administration. --- Internal Medicine. --- Neurology. --- Pain Medicine. --- Health Administration. --- Medicine --- Nervous system --- Neuropsychiatry --- Medicine, Internal --- Diseases --- Headache. --- Head pain --- Head --- Pain --- Headache Disorders --- Headache --- Cost of Illness. --- Global Burden of Disease. --- Health Services Accessibility. --- epidemiology. --- Disease Global Burdens --- Cost of Disease --- Cost of Sickness --- Costs of Disease --- Disease Cost --- Economic Burden of Disease --- Sickness Cost --- Burden of Illness --- Disease Costs --- Cost, Disease --- Costs, Disease --- Costs, Sickness --- Illness Burden --- Illness Burdens --- Illness Cost --- Illness Costs --- Sickness Costs --- Accessibility, Health Services --- Contraceptive Availability --- Health Services Geographic Accessibility --- Program Accessibility --- Access to Health Care --- Accessibility of Health Services --- Availability of Health Services --- Accessibility, Program --- Availability, Contraceptive --- Health Services Availability --- Medically Underserved Area --- Global Disease Burden --- Disease Burden, Global --- Global Disease Burdens --- Burden Of Disease --- Disease Burden --- Burden Of Diseases --- Burden, Disease --- Disease Burdens --- Access To Medicines --- Access to Contraception --- Access to Health Services --- Access to Medications --- Access to Therapy --- Access to Treatment --- Contraception Access --- Contraceptive Access --- Medication Access --- Access To Medicine --- Access to Contraceptions --- Access to Medication --- Access to Therapies --- Access to Treatments --- Access, Contraception --- Access, Contraceptive --- Access, Medication --- Contraception, Access to --- Contraceptive Accesses --- Medication Accesses --- Medication, Access to --- Therapy, Access to --- Treatment, Access to --- Algiatry --- Cefalàlgia --- Mal de cap --- Cefalea --- Dolor --- Migranya

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This Special Edition Issue on the “Pathogenesis and Treatment of Chronic Pruritus” contains an overview of various known causes of chronic pruritus and emerging therapeutics. Chronic pruritus is an itch that lasts longer than six weeks, and is associated with a variety of dermatologic, systemic, neurologic, and psychiatric etiologies. Itch negatively impacts patient quality of life, and has devastating psychosocial consequences. The manuscripts published in this Special Issue are also a showcase of the current understanding of the pathogenesis of chronic pruritus, along with its epidemiology, diagnostic workup, and therapeutic approaches used to treat chronic pruritus. A special focus is also placed on prurigo nodularis, a severely pruritic chronic inflammatory skin disease.

Medicine --- dupilumab --- IL-4 --- IL-13 --- pruritus --- chronic pruritus of unknown origin --- prurigo nodularis --- uremic pruritus --- lichen planus --- eosinophilic dermatosis of hematologic malignancy --- chronic pruritus --- mirtazapine --- chronic --- itch --- refractory --- treatment --- noradrenergic --- serotonergic --- antihistaminergic --- antidepressant --- skin --- atopic dermatitis --- ceramide --- pine tar --- drug-induced --- medication-related --- epidemiology --- inpatient --- disease burden --- national inpatient sample --- medical dermatology --- systematic review --- prurigo --- nodularis --- atopic --- dermatitis --- race --- gender --- comorbidities --- demographics --- pediatric --- children --- malignancy --- cancer --- neoplasm --- ion channels --- cell signaling --- Cav3.2 calcium channel --- RT-PCR --- wounds --- itch in wounds --- itch management --- aprepitant --- erlotinib --- EGFR --- epidermal growth factor receptor --- NK1R --- neurokinin1-receptor --- mycosis fungoides --- psoriasis --- associations --- lymphomatoid papulosis --- lymphoma --- racial differences --- nodular prurigo --- neuropathy --- therapeutic --- pathogenesis

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This Special Edition Issue on the “Pathogenesis and Treatment of Chronic Pruritus” contains an overview of various known causes of chronic pruritus and emerging therapeutics. Chronic pruritus is an itch that lasts longer than six weeks, and is associated with a variety of dermatologic, systemic, neurologic, and psychiatric etiologies. Itch negatively impacts patient quality of life, and has devastating psychosocial consequences. The manuscripts published in this Special Issue are also a showcase of the current understanding of the pathogenesis of chronic pruritus, along with its epidemiology, diagnostic workup, and therapeutic approaches used to treat chronic pruritus. A special focus is also placed on prurigo nodularis, a severely pruritic chronic inflammatory skin disease.

Medicine --- dupilumab --- IL-4 --- IL-13 --- pruritus --- chronic pruritus of unknown origin --- prurigo nodularis --- uremic pruritus --- lichen planus --- eosinophilic dermatosis of hematologic malignancy --- chronic pruritus --- mirtazapine --- chronic --- itch --- refractory --- treatment --- noradrenergic --- serotonergic --- antihistaminergic --- antidepressant --- skin --- atopic dermatitis --- ceramide --- pine tar --- drug-induced --- medication-related --- epidemiology --- inpatient --- disease burden --- national inpatient sample --- medical dermatology --- systematic review --- prurigo --- nodularis --- atopic --- dermatitis --- race --- gender --- comorbidities --- demographics --- pediatric --- children --- malignancy --- cancer --- neoplasm --- ion channels --- cell signaling --- Cav3.2 calcium channel --- RT-PCR --- wounds --- itch in wounds --- itch management --- aprepitant --- erlotinib --- EGFR --- epidermal growth factor receptor --- NK1R --- neurokinin1-receptor --- mycosis fungoides --- psoriasis --- associations --- lymphomatoid papulosis --- lymphoma --- racial differences --- nodular prurigo --- neuropathy --- therapeutic --- pathogenesis --- dupilumab --- IL-4 --- IL-13 --- pruritus --- chronic pruritus of unknown origin --- prurigo nodularis --- uremic pruritus --- lichen planus --- eosinophilic dermatosis of hematologic malignancy --- chronic pruritus --- mirtazapine --- chronic --- itch --- refractory --- treatment --- noradrenergic --- serotonergic --- antihistaminergic --- antidepressant --- skin --- atopic dermatitis --- ceramide --- pine tar --- drug-induced --- medication-related --- epidemiology --- inpatient --- disease burden --- national inpatient sample --- medical dermatology --- systematic review --- prurigo --- nodularis --- atopic --- dermatitis --- race --- gender --- comorbidities --- demographics --- pediatric --- children --- malignancy --- cancer --- neoplasm --- ion channels --- cell signaling --- Cav3.2 calcium channel --- RT-PCR --- wounds --- itch in wounds --- itch management --- aprepitant --- erlotinib --- EGFR --- epidermal growth factor receptor --- NK1R --- neurokinin1-receptor --- mycosis fungoides --- psoriasis --- associations --- lymphomatoid papulosis --- lymphoma --- racial differences --- nodular prurigo --- neuropathy --- therapeutic --- pathogenesis

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"How pathogenic microbes have been an intimate part of human history from the beginning-and how our deadliest germs and biggest pandemics are the product of our success as a speciesPlagues upon the Earth is a monumental history of humans and their germs. Weaving together a grand narrative of global history with insights from cutting-edge genetics, Kyle Harper explains why humanity's uniquely dangerous disease pool is rooted deep in our evolutionary past, and why its growth is accelerated by technological progress. He shows that the story of disease is entangled with the history of slavery, colonialism, and capitalism, and reveals the enduring effects of historical plagues all around us, in patterns of wealth, health, power, and inequality. He also tells the story of humanity's escape from infectious disease-a triumph that makes life as we know it possible, yet destabilizes the environment and fosters new diseases.Panoramic in scope, Plagues upon the Earth traces role of disease in the transition to farming, the spread of cities, the advance of transportation, and the stupendous increase in human numbers. Harper offers a new interpretation of humanity's path to control over infectious disease-one where rising evolutionary threats constantly push back against human progress, and where the devastating effects of modernization contribute to the great divergence between societies. The book reminds us that human health is globally interdependent-and inseparable from the well-being of the planet itself.Putting the COVID-19 pandemic in perspective, Plagues upon the Earth tells the story of how we got here as a species, and it may help us decide where we want to go"-- "Plagues upon the Earth is a history of human civilization and the germs that have shaped its course. At every stage in our species' past, micro-organisms have had macro-effects on the development of human societies. Kyle Harper proposes the first history of human disease to make full use of a radical new source of evidence: pathogen genomes as a biological archive and window into prehistoric times. We can now begin to reconstruct the natural history of human disease at the molecular level, tracing the biographies of the viruses, bacteria, and protozoa that have haunted our species. The story reveals, Harper will show, the continuing importance of the deep past in determining the patterns of global divergence today. Plagues upon the Earth puts the dynamic two-way relationship between humanity and its germs in the foreground. Similarly, the patterns of economic development, and the roots of global inequality, have distant origins. Thus, Harper aims to bring together two bodies of literature: the history of disease and the study of geography and social development. The book is global in coverage, insisting on the importance of understanding how the tropics and temperate zones, the Old World and the New World, differ and interact throughout the course of history. Viruses, bacteria, and protozoa - in all their peculiarity and specificity - have played an enormous part in shaping the different outcomes experienced by human societies. Plagues upon the Earth combines biology, geography, and economics to understand these differences but emphasizes the central importance of evolution as a source of constant change. The past is always present in the history of disease, and the future is always unpredictable. The story continues right up to our own world. The book closes with a reflection on antibiotic resistance as a form of evolution that continues the ancient molecular antagonism between pathogens and host immune systems, and the importance of seeing this struggle in a broader environmental framework. Freedom from infectious disease remains an unachieved goal for our species, which is more interconnected than ever. The biology of infectious disease has been one of the great forces shaping the patterns of global development, but only with a sense of history - of the interplay of change, conjunction, and chance - can we begin to understand the intertwined story of human societies and their germs"-- The takeover and transformation of the planet by Homo sapiens has been the most powerful force shaping the evolution of microbial pathogens, and in turn, pathogen evolution has been a decisive influence on the destiny of human societies. From humanity's dispersal out of Africa to the rise of agriculture and complex civilizations, from the great pandemics of the medieval world to the age of global expansion and industrialization, from the modern increase in life expectancy to the ongoing threats of microbial resistance and emerging pathogens like HIV and Ebola, disease evolution has been and remains a primary, powerful, and unpredictable factor in human history. This will be the story of how we made our germs, and how our germs made the world as we know it. Harper aims to cover the entire timespan of Homo sapiens and to set the history of our species in deep perspective. The pathogens that exist today are the heirs of millions of years of evolution.

Epidemics --- Plague --- Diseases --- HISTORY / Social History --- MEDICAL / Infectious Diseases --- History. --- Human ecology. Social biology --- Biological anthropology. Palaeoanthropology --- History of human medicine --- World history --- Epidemics. --- Disease outbreaks --- Outbreaks of disease --- Pandemics --- Pestilences --- Communicable diseases --- Outbreaks --- Disease and lhistory. --- Diseases. --- Diseases and history. --- History and diseases --- History --- Influence on history --- HISTORY / Social History. --- MEDICAL / Infectious Diseases. --- Plague. --- Bubonic plague --- Yersinia infections --- Agriculture (Chinese mythology). --- Agriculture. --- Ancient DNA. --- Angus Deaton. --- Annoyance. --- Bacteria. --- Balance of nature. --- Big History. --- Biological agent. --- Bioterrorism. --- Bubonic plague. --- Cause of death. --- Cellulose. --- Chimpanzee. --- Cholera. --- Chronic condition. --- Chronology. --- Climate change. --- Consilience (book). --- Consilience. --- Countermeasure. --- Demography. --- Diarrhea. --- Disease burden. --- Disease ecology. --- Disease. --- Disinfectant. --- Domestication of the horse. --- Domestication. --- Dysentery. --- E. O. Wilson. --- Ecological niche. --- Ecology. --- Emergence. --- Endemic (epidemiology). --- Environmental protection. --- Epidemic. --- Fossil fuel. --- Fungus. --- Genome, Viral. --- Geography. --- Global catastrophic risk. --- Global health. --- Globalization. --- Health. --- Host (biology). --- Human pathogen. --- Hunter-gatherer. --- Infection. --- Influenza. --- Insect. --- Insecticide. --- Iron Age. --- Louis Pasteur. --- Lymph node. --- Malaria. --- Measles. --- Meat. --- Microorganism. --- Microparasite. --- Mortality rate. --- Negative feedback. --- Neolithic Revolution. --- Organism. --- Origin story. --- Pathogen. --- Phylogenetics. --- Physical geography. --- Plagues and Peoples. --- Poliomyelitis. --- Prevalence. --- Protozoa. --- Public health. --- Pus. --- RNA. --- Refrigeration. --- Reproduction. --- Risk. --- Root cause. --- Slavery. --- Smallpox. --- Sore throat. --- State formation. --- Steamship. --- Taxon. --- Technology. --- Thucydides. --- Toxin. --- Tuberculosis. --- Typhoid fever. --- Typhus. --- Unintended consequences. --- Urbanization. --- Vaccination. --- Vaccine. --- Vegetable. --- Vulnerability (computing). --- Vulnerability. --- Whole genome sequencing. --- Yellow fever.

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Several lines of evidence indicate that healthy diet and exercise can prevent cardiovascular diseases, stroke, diabetes, and some types of cancer such as colon cancer, and smoking-related cancers. Dietary patterns defined as the quantities, proportions, variety, or combination of different foods and drinks, and the frequency with which they are habitually consumed are also associated with an increased or decreased incidence of chronic diseases. Lately, an association has been found between eating habits, exercise, and psychological and/or mental disorders. This Special Issue of Nutrients, entitled “Dietary Habits, Beneficial Exercise, and Chronic Diseases: Latest Advances and Prospects”, contains 20 manuscripts, either describing original research or reviewing the scientific literature, focused on the relationship between dietary habits (macronutrients, micronutrients, etc.) and/or exercise with metabolic, cardiovascular, neurological, mental, rheumatic, inflammatory, gastrointestinal, odontostomatological, and other chronic diseases.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- Food & society --- muscle wasting --- cachexia --- sarcopenia --- probiotics --- prebiotics --- Lactobacillus --- intestinal permeability --- gut-brain axis --- health literacy --- education --- food --- students --- healthy lifestyle --- β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) --- body mass index (BMI), type 1 diabetes --- type 2 diabetes (T2D) --- hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) --- visceral adipose tissue (VAT) --- cardiovascular disease (CVD) --- high-density lipoprotein (HDL) --- low-density lipoprotein (LDL) --- Apolipoprotein B (ApoB) --- women's health --- bone mineral density --- diet --- beach sports --- osteoporosis --- Mediterranean diet --- antioxidation --- metabolic health --- reproductive health --- gut microbiota --- non-communicable diseases --- flavonoids --- polyphenols --- resveratrol --- olive oil --- adult volunteers --- dietary intervention --- dietary patterns --- pilot study --- symbiotic agriculture --- metabolic dysfunction --- metabolic syndrome --- metabolome --- EHIS --- diabetes --- disease burden --- European Union --- policies --- dietary trajectories --- overweight --- obesity --- early childhood caries --- ECC --- dental caries --- health risk --- preschool children --- fish protein hydrolysate --- anxiety --- burying test --- rodent --- perceived stress --- psychological --- stress --- diet quality --- women --- reproductive age --- childbearing age --- a-priori --- a-posteriori --- sodium --- sodium intake --- inflammation --- systemic inflammation --- sodium induced inflammation --- CRP --- TNF-a --- IL-6 --- pediatric obesity --- children --- dietary interventions --- prevention --- pure fructose consumption --- adolescent --- blood pressure --- folic acid --- homocysteine --- inflammatory bowel disease --- microbiota --- crocin --- crocetin --- safranal --- effect direction plot --- complementary and alternative medicine --- medicinal plant --- CAM --- herbal medicine --- TNF-α --- qualitative synthesis --- dietary supplements --- food shopping quality indicators --- FSA-NPS DI --- dietary intake --- diet monitoring --- digital receipts --- dietary quality --- ischemic stroke --- Chinese Diet Balance Index 2016 --- DBI-16 --- Southeast China --- bone density --- bone resorption markers --- HDL-C --- LDL-C --- lipid profile --- cardiovascular disease --- exercise --- aerobic fitness --- multiple sclerosis --- nutrition --- physical activity --- body mass index --- dietary guideline --- reproductive age women --- muscle wasting --- cachexia --- sarcopenia --- probiotics --- prebiotics --- Lactobacillus --- intestinal permeability --- gut-brain axis --- health literacy --- education --- food --- students --- healthy lifestyle --- β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) --- body mass index (BMI), type 1 diabetes --- type 2 diabetes (T2D) --- hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) --- visceral adipose tissue (VAT) --- cardiovascular disease (CVD) --- high-density lipoprotein (HDL) --- low-density lipoprotein (LDL) --- Apolipoprotein B (ApoB) --- women's health --- bone mineral density --- diet --- beach sports --- osteoporosis --- Mediterranean diet --- antioxidation --- metabolic health --- reproductive health --- gut microbiota --- non-communicable diseases --- flavonoids --- polyphenols --- resveratrol --- olive oil --- adult volunteers --- dietary intervention --- dietary patterns --- pilot study --- symbiotic agriculture --- metabolic dysfunction --- metabolic syndrome --- metabolome --- EHIS --- diabetes --- disease burden --- European Union --- policies --- dietary trajectories --- overweight --- obesity --- early childhood caries --- ECC --- dental caries --- health risk --- preschool children --- fish protein hydrolysate --- anxiety --- burying test --- rodent --- perceived stress --- psychological --- stress --- diet quality --- women --- reproductive age --- childbearing age --- a-priori --- a-posteriori --- sodium --- sodium intake --- inflammation --- systemic inflammation --- sodium induced inflammation --- CRP --- TNF-a --- IL-6 --- pediatric obesity --- children --- dietary interventions --- prevention --- pure fructose consumption --- adolescent --- blood pressure --- folic acid --- homocysteine --- inflammatory bowel disease --- microbiota --- crocin --- crocetin --- safranal --- effect direction plot --- complementary and alternative medicine --- medicinal plant --- CAM --- herbal medicine --- TNF-α --- qualitative synthesis --- dietary supplements --- food shopping quality indicators --- FSA-NPS DI --- dietary intake --- diet monitoring --- digital receipts --- dietary quality --- ischemic stroke --- Chinese Diet Balance Index 2016 --- DBI-16 --- Southeast China --- bone density --- bone resorption markers --- HDL-C --- LDL-C --- lipid profile --- cardiovascular disease --- exercise --- aerobic fitness --- multiple sclerosis --- nutrition --- physical activity --- body mass index --- dietary guideline --- reproductive age women