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Macroeconomic factors in general, and the macropolicy response to common external shocks (such as oil prices and real interest rates) in particular, have in recent decades played a dominant role in countries' protracted growth crises as well as in growth renewal and its long-run sustainability. The paper attempts to construct and apply a simple framework for the joint empirical analysis of growth and inflation, starting from a rudimentary short-term AS and AD framework that is 'averaged' into the medium and long run. For the industrial countries through the 1970s and 1980s such analysis highlights the existence of a marked 20 year inflation and growth 'loop', extending beyond the conventional business cycles, with well identifiable phases of crisis entry, disinflation and partial growth recovery. The interaction of macropolicy response to shocks with structural (mainly labor market) features of economies account for differences across countries both in the depth of the deterioration phase as well as in the gradual recovery, for which a panel regression provides some of the links between inflation, economic activity, profits and investment renewal. The second part of the paper (Section IV) applies similar tools and uncovers analogous, though much more dramatic, 15-20 year loops, in the crisis and recovery of a group of countries in Latin America (as well as Israel). Likewise the strong macro path-dependence of growth in middle-income countries (with cross-country differences in structure and social cohesion) is borne out by comparisons with countries (both in the same region and outside it) that faced similar external shocks yet exhibited much milder 'loops'. The paper ends with a brief reference to some analogies with the sequencing of the cycle of growth crisis, adjustment and structural reform in Eastern Europe.
Inflation (Finance) --- Diminishing returns. --- Econometric models.
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The main thrust of this Element is a critical assessment of the theory and evidence concerning the sources of scale effects. It is argued that the analysis of static scale effects is important because scale effects are embedding in our world, and new technologies associated with an evolving economy often allow their exploitation when they cannot be exploited in less technically advanced and smaller economies. So, although static equilibrium theory is not a good vehicle for studying economic growth, showing how scale effects operate when output varies with given technology helps us to understand the scale effects that occur when output rises as a result of economic growth, even though that is typically driven by technological change.
Economies of scale. --- Economies of size --- Increasing returns --- Scale, Economies of --- Size, Economies of --- Big business --- Costs, Industrial --- Diminishing returns
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Economic production --- Industrial productivity --- Industrial efficiency --- Case studies. --- 338.31 --- -Industrial productivity --- -Productivity, Industrial --- TFP (Total factor productivity) --- Total factor productivity --- Production (Economic theory) --- Efficiency, Industrial --- Industrial management --- Produktiviteit. Produktiviteitsmeting. Arbeidsproduktiviteit. Kapitaalsproduktiviteit. Bruto-opbrengsten. Economics of scale. Diminishing returns --(macroeconomisch) --- Case studies --- -Produktiviteit. Produktiviteitsmeting. Arbeidsproduktiviteit. Kapitaalsproduktiviteit. Bruto-opbrengsten. Economics of scale. Diminishing returns --(macroeconomisch) --- 338.31 Produktiviteit. Produktiviteitsmeting. Arbeidsproduktiviteit. Kapitaalsproduktiviteit. Bruto-opbrengsten. Economics of scale. Diminishing returns --(macroeconomisch) --- Productivity, Industrial --- Industrial productivity - Case studies --- Industrial efficiency - Case studies --- INDUSTRIE MANUFACTURIERE --- EFFICACITE --- PRODUCTIVITE
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Mathematics --- Logic, symbolic and mathematical --- Uncertainty --- Diminishing returns --- Philosophy --- Study and teaching --- Logic, Symbolic and mathematical --- -Mathematics --- -Uncertainty --- Reasoning --- Math --- Science --- Algebra of logic --- Logic, Universal --- Mathematical logic --- Symbolic and mathematical logic --- Symbolic logic --- Algebra, Abstract --- Metamathematics --- Set theory --- Syllogism --- Law of diminishing returns --- Agriculture --- Economics --- Economies of scale --- Economic aspects --- Diminishing returns. --- Logic, Symbolic and mathematical. --- Uncertainty. --- Philosophy. --- Study and teaching. --- Logic of mathematics --- Mathematics, Logic of --- Mathematics - Philosophy --- Mathematics - Study and teaching
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Economies of scale --- -Single market programme --- 338.5 --- Economies of size --- Increasing returns --- Scale, Economies of --- Size, Economies of --- Big business --- Costs, Industrial --- Diminishing returns
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The analysis of this volume represents an attempt to apply modern mathematical techniques to the problems arising from large and significant indivisibilities. While the classical microeconomic theory refers to assumptions about the convexity of production sets and consumer preferences, this book directs the attention to indivisible commodities. It investigates the influence of the assumed indivisibilities of factors and goods on the results of the microeconomic theory of the firm, the theory of the household and market theory.
Economies of scale --- Equilibrium (Economics) --- Mathematical models. --- Microeconomics. --- Price theory --- Economics --- Economies of size --- Increasing returns --- Scale, Economies of --- Size, Economies of --- Big business --- Costs, Industrial --- Diminishing returns
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338.31 --- #SBIB:316.334.2A555 --- Produktiviteit. Produktiviteitsmeting. Arbeidsproduktiviteit. Kapitaalsproduktiviteit. Bruto-opbrengsten. Economics of scale. Diminishing returns --(macroeconomisch) --- Partijen en strategieën in de onderneming: patronaat en werkstructurering, werkoverleg, taakverruiming, humanisering --- 338.31 Produktiviteit. Produktiviteitsmeting. Arbeidsproduktiviteit. Kapitaalsproduktiviteit. Bruto-opbrengsten. Economics of scale. Diminishing returns --(macroeconomisch)
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