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The present work covers fundamental issues such as OME synthesis and properties up to process development and optimization for oxymethylene ethers (OME) production. This innovative diesel fuel can be produced from renewable raw materials. Compared to conventional diesel, OME leads to a significant reduction of nitrogen oxides and soot formation.

Dieselkraftstoff --- Diesel fuel --- Emission reduction --- Oxymethylene ethers (OME) --- Fuel additive --- Kinetics --- Kraftstoffadditiv --- Emissionsreduktion --- Kinetik --- Oxymethylenether (OME)

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Oncology. Neoplasms --- Toxicology --- Vehicle Emissions --- Carcinogens, Environmental --- Environmental Exposure. --- Gasoline. --- Nitro Compounds --- Petroleum --- Kanker --- Vetten --- Chemische stoffen --- Diesel Fuel --- Diesel Fuels --- Fuel, Diesel --- Fuels, Diesel --- Gasolines --- Exposure, Environmental --- Environmental Exposures --- Exposures, Environmental --- Sentinel Species --- toxicity. --- adverse effects. --- Cancer --- Matières grasses --- Produits chimiques --- Conferences - Meetings --- Environmental Exposure --- Gasoline --- toxicity --- adverse effects

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This Special Issue, consisting of 14 papers, presents the latest findings concerning both numerical and experimental investigations. Their aim is to achieve a reduction in pollutant emissions, as well as an improvement in fuel economy and performance, for internal combustion engines. This will provide readers with a comprehensive, unbiased, and scientifically sound overview of the most recent research and technological developments in this field. More specific topics include: 3D CFD detailed analysis of the fuel injection, combustion and exhaust aftertreatments processes, 1D and 0D, semi-empirical, neural network-based control-oriented models, experimental analysis and the optimization of both conventional and innovative combustion processes.

History of engineering & technology --- homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) --- exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) --- dual-fuel --- dimethyl ether (DME) --- exhaust emission --- co-combustion --- dual fuel --- combustion stability --- coefficient of variation of IMEP --- probability density of IMEP --- 0D model --- predictive model --- tumble --- turbulent intensity --- spark-ignition engine --- engine geometry --- AdBlue® injection --- large eddy simulation --- Eulerian–Lagrangian approach --- thermal decomposition --- wall–film formation --- conversion efficiency --- hybrid electric vehicle --- real driving emissions --- fuel consumption --- vehicle performance --- electric supercharger --- Lambda-1 engine --- 48 V Mild Hybrid --- electrically assisted turbocharger --- variable geometry turbocharger-exhaust gas recirculation --- oxygen concentration --- active disturbance rejection control --- model-based --- control --- diesel engine --- ANN --- physics-based model --- semi-empirical model --- CNG --- diesel fuel --- dual fuel engine --- rate of heat release --- ignition delay --- burn duration --- exhaust gas emission --- camless --- electromagnetic variable valve train --- magnetorheological buffer --- soft landing --- solenoid injectors --- indirect-acting piezoelectric injectors --- direct-acting piezoelectric injectors --- engine-out emissions --- combustion noise --- diesel engines --- pollutant emission reduction --- mixing process --- advanced injection strategy --- varying injection rate --- engine torque estimation --- GDI engines --- extended state observer --- online performance --- torque --- nitrogen oxide emissions --- model-based control --- engines --- numerical simulation --- pollutant emissions prediction --- computational fluid dynamics

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This paper examines the short- and long-run economic impact of Egypt's energy subsidy reform in July 2014 (without and without compensating transfers for the bottom 40 percent of the income distribution) and the decline in global energy prices, as well as the long-run impact of phasing out the energy subsidies over a 5 year period. The analysis uses a Computable General Equilibrium model with 56 productive sectors, including 11 energy subsectors. The short-run analysis employs a two-stage factor market adjustment, with wages first fixed and then flexible. The long-run analysis is run in a recursive dynamic mode, capturing the impact of improved productivity and increased investment resulting from more efficient allocation of resources and reduction in government deficits. In the short run, the 2014 reforms lead to slightly lower consumption while investment increases strongly and production shifts from highly subsidized energy-intensive sectors such as energy, water and sanitation, and transport to other sectors (notably construction). The impact on overall consumer prices is limited. In the longer run, real GDP growth increases by about one percentage point relative to the baseline before the 2014 reform.

Activities --- Adverse Impact --- Agriculture --- Approach --- Balance --- Balance of Payments --- Base Year --- Benchmark --- Budget Deficits --- Capital --- Capital Use --- Cement --- Coal --- Consumers --- Consumption --- Controlled Prices --- Cost of Energy --- Costs --- Crude Oil --- Crude Oil Production --- Development Policy --- Diesel --- Diesel Fuel --- Distribution of Energy --- Domestic Energy --- Domestic Natural Gas --- Dry Natural Gas --- Dynamic Analysis --- Economic Efficiency --- Economic Implications --- Economic Performance --- Economic Sectors --- Economic Theory & Research --- Elasticities --- Elasticity --- Electric Power --- Electric Power Generation --- Electric Power Plants --- Electricity --- Electricity Generation --- Electricity Prices --- Employment --- Energy --- Energy and Environment --- Energy Costs --- Energy Extraction --- Energy Prices --- Energy Production and Transportation --- Energy Products --- Energy Use --- Environment --- Environment and Energy Efficiency --- Equilibrium --- Exports --- Fixed Prices --- Fuel --- Fuel Oil --- Fuel Subsidies --- Full Employment --- Gas --- Gas Output --- Gas Prices --- Gas Producer --- Gasoline --- GDP --- Generation --- Goods --- Government Expenditures --- Government Subsidies --- Growth Rate --- High Energy --- Higher Energy Prices --- Incentives --- Income --- Income Groups --- Inputs --- International Trade --- Investment --- LNG --- Macroeconomic Performance --- Macroeconomics --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Measurement --- Mobility --- Natural Gas --- Natural Gas Output --- Natural Gas Prices --- Natural Gas Pricing --- Oil --- Oil Exporters --- Oil Price --- Oil Producer --- Oil Production --- Oil Products --- Payments --- Petroleum --- Petroleum Products --- Power --- Power Generation --- Power Plants --- Power Sector --- Price --- Price Changes --- Price Elasticities --- Price Subsidies --- Prices --- Production Costs --- Productivity Growth --- Real GDP --- Refined Petroleum Products --- Sanitation --- Static Analysis --- Subsidy --- Tax --- Tax Revenue --- Total Costs --- Total Factor Productivity --- Total Factor Productivity Growth --- Trade --- Trade Balance --- Trade Deficit --- Transport --- Transport Costs --- Transport Economics Policy and Planning --- Transportation --- Utilities --- Value --- Value Added --- Wage Rates --- Wages --- Water

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Provides information and statistical data on a variety of crude oils and refined petroleum products.

Petroleum products --- Petroleum products. --- PETROLEUM INDUSTRY. --- PETROLEUM PRICES. --- UNITED STATES. --- Prices --- Prices. --- United States. --- Petroleum --- gasoline --- crude oil --- diesel fuel --- prices --- sales --- volumes --- Petroleum industry and trade --- Mazut --- Hydraulic fluids --- Refining --- AB --- ABSh --- Ameerika Ühendriigid --- America (Republic) --- Amerika Birlăshmish Shtatlary --- Amerika Birlăşmi Ştatları --- Amerika Birlăşmiş Ştatları --- Amerika ka Kelenyalen Jamanaw --- Amerika Qūrama Shtattary --- Amerika Qŭshma Shtatlari --- Amerika Qushma Shtattary --- Amerika (Republic) --- Amerikai Egyesült Államok --- Amerikanʹ Veĭtʹsėndi͡avks Shtattn --- Amerikări Pĕrleshu̇llĕ Shtatsem --- Amerikas Forenede Stater --- Amerikayi Miatsʻyal Nahangner --- Ameriketako Estatu Batuak --- Amirika Carékat --- AQSh --- Ar. ha-B. --- Arhab --- Artsot ha-Berit --- Artzois Ha'bris --- Bí-kok --- Ē.P.A. --- EE.UU. --- Egyesült Államok --- ĒPA --- Estados Unidos --- Estados Unidos da América do Norte --- Estados Unidos de América --- Estaos Xuníos --- Estaos Xuníos d'América --- Estatos Unitos --- Estatos Unitos d'America --- Estats Units d'Amèrica --- Ètats-Unis d'Amèrica --- États-Unis d'Amérique --- Fareyniḳṭe Shṭaṭn --- Feriene Steaten --- Feriene Steaten fan Amearika --- Forente stater --- FS --- Hēnomenai Politeiai Amerikēs --- Hēnōmenes Politeies tēs Amerikēs --- Hiwsisayin Amerikayi Miatsʻeal Tērutʻiwnkʻ --- Istadus Unidus --- Jungtinės Amerikos valstybės --- Mei guo --- Mei-kuo --- Meiguo --- Mî-koet --- Miatsʻyal Nahangner --- Miguk --- Na Stàitean Aonaichte --- NSA --- S.U.A. --- SAD --- Saharat ʻAmērik --- SASht --- Severo-Amerikanskie Shtaty --- Severo-Amerikanskie Soedinennye Shtaty --- Si͡evero-Amerikanskīe Soedinennye Shtaty --- Sjedinjene Američke Države --- Soedinennye Shtaty Ameriki --- Soedinennye Shtaty Severnoĭ Ameriki --- Soedinennye Shtaty Si͡evernoĭ Ameriki --- Spojené obce severoamerick --- Spojené staty americk --- SShA --- Stadoù-Unanet Amerika --- Stáit Aontaithe Mheirice --- Stany Zjednoczone --- Stati Uniti --- Stati Uniti d'America --- Stâts Unîts --- Stâts Unîts di Americhe --- Steatyn Unnaneysit --- Steatyn Unnaneysit America --- SUA --- Sŭedineni amerikanski shtati --- Sŭedinenite shtati --- Tetã peteĩ reko Amérikagua --- U.S. --- U.S.A. --- United States of America --- Unol Daleithiau --- Unol Daleithiau America --- Unuiĝintaj Ŝtatoj de Ameriko --- US --- USA --- Usono --- Vaeinigte Staatn --- Vaeinigte Staatn vo Amerika --- Vereinigte Staaten --- Vereinigte Staaten von Amerika --- Verenigde State van Amerika --- Verenigde Staten --- VS --- VSA --- Wááshindoon Bikéyah Ałhidadiidzooígí --- Wilāyāt al-Muttaḥidah --- Wilāyāt al-Muttaḥidah al-Amirīkīyah --- Wilāyāt al-Muttaḥidah al-Amrīkīyah --- Yhdysvallat --- Yunaeted Stet --- Yunaeted Stet blong Amerika --- ZDA --- Združene države Amerike --- Zʹi͡ednani Derz͡havy Ameryky --- Zjadnośone staty Ameriki --- Zluchanyi͡a Shtaty Ameryki --- Zlucheni Derz͡havy --- ZSA --- ABŞ --- Amerikanʹ Veĭtʹsėndi͡avks Shtattnė --- É.-U. --- ÉU --- Saharat ʻAmērikā --- Spojené obce severoamerické --- Spojené staty americké --- Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá --- Wááshindoon Bikéyah Ałhidadiidzooígíí