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Instruments constitute a classic member of the thematic role inventory, yet they are usually analyzed only peripherally, taking a back seat to the more studied members such as Agent and Patient. This dissertation investigates the semantic reality behind the label instrument from the functionalist perspective of Role & Reference Grammar. Starting from a theoretical investigation of what instrumentality truly means when contrasted with related concepts like comitatives, this book explores the morphosyntactic realization of instruments across a wide range of typologically diverse languages. Apart from the standard occurrences of instruments that come to mind from languages such as Latin, German or English, this book delves into several less common constructions that feature the instrument relation. Such constructions include, amongst others, passives with instruments and particularly the Instrument-Subject Alternation, a construction where the instrument seemingly appears as the subject of the sentence. This construction displays variation along three dimensions: 1) The instrument can vary from a very simple tool to a complicated machine, 2) the predicate can vary substantially and 3) languages differ widely with respect to the construction's acceptability. This makes for a complex playing field where the animacy of the instrument but also the aktionsart class of the predicate play a major role. The last section of this book deals with linking the semantics of instruments and related concepts to their morphosyntactic realizations, including the various encoding strategies that are available in any given language. This book also features a concise introduction to Role & Reference Grammar. Dissertations in Language and Cognition: This series explores issues of mental representation, linguistic structure and representation, and their interplay. The research presented in this series is grounded in the idea explored in the Collaborative Research Center 'The structure of representations in language, cognition and science' (SFB 991) that there is a universal format for the representation of linguistic and cognitive concepts.

LANGUAGE ARTS & DISCIPLINES / General. --- Agents. --- Causees. --- Comitatives. --- Die Struktur von Repräsentationen in Sprache, Kognition und Wissenschaft. --- Force Dynamics. --- Forces. --- Functionalism. --- Generalized Causative Relations. --- Gerhard Schurz. --- Hana Filip. --- Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf. --- Helping causation. --- Implements. --- Instrument-Subject Alternation. --- Instruments. --- Laura Kallmeyer. --- Lexical Decomposition. --- Linking Algorithm. --- Mapping to Morphosyntax. --- Passives with instruments. --- Peter Indefrey. --- Robert D. Van Valin, Jr. --- Role & Reference Grammar. --- SFB 991. --- Sebastian Löbner. --- Semantics of Causation. --- Sonderforschungsbereich 991. --- Strength of causation. --- The structure of representations in language, cognition and science. --- Typology.

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The articles in this volume are the outcome of the successful BRIDGE Workshop held in Düsseldorf in 2014. The workshop gathered a number of distinguished researchers from formal semantics and conceptual semantics and aimed to initiate a deeper conversation and collaboration instead of separating the two sides as competing views. The workshop provided a platform to further discuss parallelisms on specific semantic issues on the one hand and on the other hand to confront opposed claims from the two different perspectives. This volume represents a selected number of high-quality papers presented at the workshop featuring various approaches to meaning from linguistics, logic and philosophy of language. This series explores issues of mental representation, linguistic structure and representation, and their interplay. The research presented in this series is grounded in the idea explored in the Collaborative Research Center 'The structure of representations in language, cognition and science' (SFB 991) that there is a universal format for the representation of linguistic and cognitive concepts.

LANGUAGE ARTS & DISCIPLINES / General. --- Alex Dainiak. --- Antje Roßdeutscher. --- BRIDGE Workshop. --- Collaborative Research Center. --- Dependency. --- Die Struktur von Repräsentationen in Sprache, Kognition und Wissenschaft. --- E. Allyn Smith. --- Gerhard Schurz. --- Gricean Perspective. --- Hana Filip. --- Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf. --- Henk Zeevat. --- Kinds. --- Laura Kallmeyer. --- Live Meanings. --- Lotte Hogeweg. --- Louise McNally. --- Martin Stokhof. --- Meaning in Use. --- Michiel van Lambalgen. --- Natalia Zevakhina. --- Paul Dekker. --- Peter Indefrey. --- Ralf Naumann. --- Robert D. Van Valin, Jr. --- SFB 991. --- Sander Lestrade. --- Scott Grimm. --- Sebastian Löbner. --- Sonderforschungsbereich 991. --- The structure of representations in language, cognition and science. --- Tillmann Pross. --- conceptual closeness. --- conceptual semantics. --- corpus-based approach. --- dynamic frame theory. --- formal semantics. --- frame theory. --- lexicon. --- linguistic representation. --- linguistic structure. --- mental representation. --- overspecification. --- semantic constraint.

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The aim of this book is to investigate how definiteness is expressed in Polish, a language which is claimed to have no definite and in-definite articles. The central question is how the difference in definiteness is indicated between 'a woman' and 'the woman' in Polish. In English, the definite article 'the' and the indefinite article 'a' express the category of definiteness explicitly. Since definiteness is also relevant in articleless languages, there are other means to indicate that a nominal phrase is definite or indefinite. This study is delimited to four means for expressing definiteness in Polish, which are demonstratives, aspect, case alternation, and information structure. Each strategy is investigated independently from the others, although they interact in a complex way, which is shown at the end of this book resulting in a decision tree. Polish is not investigated in isolation, however, the study is complemented by comparisons with other Slavic languages and also with a Polish dialect called 'Upper Silesian', which differs from Polish. The analysis in this book is based on Löbner's theory of 'Concept Types and Determination' (CTD). Löbner's distinction of the four concept types (sortal, relational, functional, individual) is crucial since definiteness phenomena under discussion can be explained. Therefore, the interaction of the four concept types with the four definiteness strategies plays a central role in this book. This series explores issues of mental representation, linguistic structure and representation, and their interplay. The research presented in this series is grounded in the idea explored in the Collaborative Research Center 'The structure of representations in language, cognition and science' (SFB 991) that there is a universal format for the representation of linguistic and cognitive concepts.

LANGUAGE ARTS & DISCIPLINES / General. --- Collaborative Research Center. --- Concept Types and Determination. --- Die Struktur von Repräsentationen in Sprache, Kognition und Wissenschaft. --- English. --- Filip's approach. --- Gerhard Schurz. --- German. --- Hana Filip. --- Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf. --- Lambrecht. --- Laura Kallmeyer. --- Löbner's approach to definiteness. --- Mathesius. --- Peter Indefrey. --- Polish case system. --- Polish determiners. --- Polish. --- Robert D. Van Valin, Jr. --- SFB 991. --- Sebastian Löbner. --- Slavistic literature. --- Sonderforschungsbereich 991. --- The structure of representations in language, cognition and science. --- Thetic sentences. --- analysis of ten. --- anaphoric SNs. --- anaphors. --- articleless languages. --- aspectual composition. --- case alternation. --- category of definiteness. --- complex ICs. --- concept type. --- concept types. --- count distinction. --- definite article. --- definiteness condition. --- definiteness strategies. --- definiteness. --- deictic SNs. --- demonstrative. --- differential object marking. --- equation of definiteness. --- familiarity. --- fluid case alternation. --- functional concept type. --- grammaticalization. --- incremental theme verbs. --- indefinite article. --- individual concept type. --- information structure in Polish. --- information structure. --- inherent relationality. --- inherent uniqueness. --- lexical FNs. --- lexical INs. --- mass distinction. --- nominal phrase. --- non-incremental theme verbs. --- paradigm of ten. --- part-whole DAAs. --- pragmatic uniqueness. --- relational DAAs. --- relational concept type. --- scale of uniqueness. --- semantic. --- situational DAAs. --- slavic comparison. --- sortal concept type. --- studies on demonstratives in Polish. --- topic-focus structure. --- uniqueness. --- upper Silesian tyn. --- upper Silesian. --- word order.