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Diazepam. --- Horse. --- Review.

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Benzodiazepines --- Chemists --- Diazepam --- History. --- Sternbach, L. H.

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Cortex. --- Diazepam. --- Dopamine. --- Increase. --- Microdialysis. --- Novelty. --- Pain. --- Prefrontal cortex. --- Release. --- Stress.

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Rats undergoing extinction of lever-pressing for food after session not preceded by signal attenuation, paroxetine, the attenuation of an external feedback for this behavior, fluvoxamine and desipramine affected only the number of exhibit excessive lever-pressing unaccompanied by an attempt to collect a reward, which may be analogous to the excessive and unreasonable behavior seen in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Given that one of the most salient features of OCD is its selective response to treatment with serotonin re-uptake inhibitors (SRIs), the present study compared the effects of the SRIs paroxetine and fluvoxamine on compulsive lever-pressing, with those of the tricyclic antidepressant, desipramine, and the benzodiazepine, diazepam, which are not effective in the treatment of OCD. Paroxetine (11-15 mg/kg) and fluvoxamine (10-20 mg/kg) dose-dependently reduced the number of compulsive lever-presses and the number of lever-presses followed by an attempt to collect a reward; desipramine (5-15 mg/kg) dose-dependently reduced only the number of lever-presses followed by an attempt to collect a reward; diazepam (2-10 mg/kg) did not affect either type of lever-pressing, except for the highest dose (110 mg/kg), which almost completely abolished lever-press responding. When administered in an extinction lever-presses followed by an attempt to collect a reward, whereas diazepam (4-8 mg/kg) decreased both types of lever-presses. The present findings strengthen the suggestion that compulsive lever-pressing may serve to model compulsive behavior in OCD, and lends the model predictive validity

Animal model. --- Animal-model. --- Antidepressant. --- Anxiety. --- Anxiolytic. --- Behavior. --- Benzodiazepine. --- Benzodiazepines. --- Compulsive. --- Diazepam. --- Disorder. --- Drug-treatment. --- Extinction. --- Feedback. --- Food. --- Lever-press. --- Model. --- Obsessive-compulsive disorder. --- Obsessive-compulsive. --- Ocd (obsessive-compulsive disorder). --- Ocd. --- Pharmacotherapy. --- Post-training signal attenuation. --- Rat. --- Rats. --- Response. --- Reward. --- Schizophrenia. --- Serotonin. --- Time. --- Training signal attenuation. --- Treatment.

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Several neurokinin NK1 receptor antagonists currently being developed for anxiety and depression have reduced affinity for the rat and mouse NK1 receptor compared with human. Consequently, it has proven difficult to test these agents in traditional rat and mouse models of anxiety and depression. This issue has been overcome, in part, by using non-traditional lab species such as the guinea pig and gerbil, which have NK1 receptors closer in homology to human NK1 receptors. However, there are very few reports describing the behavior of gerbils in traditional models of anxiety. The aim of the present study was to determine if the elevated plus-maze, a commonly used anxiety model, could be adapted for the gerbil. Using a specially-designed elevated plus-maze, gerbils exhibited an 'anxious' behavioral profile similar to that observed in rats and mice, i.e., reduced entries into, and time spent exploring, an open, aversive arm. The anxiolytic drugs diazepam (0.03-3 mg/kg i.p.), chlordiazepoxide (0.3-10 mg/kg i.p.), and buspirone (0.3-30 mg/kg s.c.) increased open arm exploration and produced anxiolytic-like effects on risk-assessment behaviors (reduced stretch-attend postures and increased head dips). Of particular interest, the antidepressant drugs imipramine (1-30 mg/kg p.o.),fluoxetine (1-30 mg/kg, p.o.) and paroxetine (0.3-10 mg/kg p.o.) each produced some acute anxiolytic-like activity, without affecting locomotor activity. The antipsychotic, haloperidol, and the psychostimulant, amphetamine, did not produce any anxiolytic-like effects (1-10 mg/kg s.c). The anxiogenic beta-carboline, FG-7142, reduced time spent in the open arm and head dips, and increased stretch-attend postures (1-30 mg/kg, i.p.). These studies have demonstrated that gerbils exhibit an anxiety-like profile on an elevated plus-maze, and that the gerbil elevated plus-maze may have predictive validity for anxiolytics, and antidepressants with potential anxiolytic-like effects. (C) 2002 American Colle

5-ht1a agonist. --- Activity. --- Amphetamine. --- Antidepressant drugs. --- Antidepressant. --- Anxiety. --- Anxiolytic action. --- Anxiolytic drugs. --- Anxiolytic-like. --- Behavior. --- Benzodiazepines. --- Depression. --- Diazepam. --- Drug. --- Drugs. --- Elevated plus maze. --- Elevated plus-maze. --- Ethopharmacological analysis. --- Exploration. --- Fear. --- Gerbil. --- Gerbils. --- Guinea pig. --- Guinea-pig. --- Haloperidol. --- Human. --- Locomotor activity. --- Locomotor-activity. --- Mice. --- Model. --- Models. --- Mongolian gerbil. --- Mouse. --- Neurokinin nk1 receptor antagonists. --- Neurokinin nk1 receptor. --- Nk1 receptor antagonists. --- Pig. --- Posture. --- Rat. --- Rats. --- Receptor antagonist. --- Receptor. --- Receptors. --- Social-interaction test. --- Species-differences. --- Substance-p receptors. --- Tachykinin nk1 receptor. --- Test. --- Time. --- Validation.