Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

The World Bank's Results 2013 provides the Bank's shareholders, partners, and external stakeholders with an integrated view of results and performance in recent years. It covers the World Bank and reports on aggregate results that countries have achieved with Bank support against the backdrop of global development results. The report also asseses the Bank's operational and organizational performance at the corporate level and serves as a companion to the World Bank Corporate Scorecard 2013.

Corporate Scorecard --- Country Results --- Development Context --- Development Outcomes --- Operational Effectiveness --- Organizational Effectiveness --- World Bank

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

Discrimination against lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and intersex (LGBTI) people is widespread, and LGBTI exclusion from economic markets, vital services, and political spaces is entrenched. This is not just an individual problem; it is a development challenge; not only because discrimination is inherently unjust, but also because "there are substantial costs-social, political, and economic-to not addressing the exclusion of entire groups of people." Understanding the barriers LGBTI people face in accessing markets, services, and spaces is important for designing more inclusive policies and programs. This study documents, for the first time, discrimination against LGBTI people in access to education and housing in Serbia, using evidence from field experiments. In Serbia, "feminine boys," widely perceived as being gay, were at least three times more likely to be refused enrollment in primary schools (15 percent) compared to boys not perceived to be feminine (5 percent). Eighteen percent of same-sex couples were refused apartment rentals by private landlords, while no heterosexual couples were. The research contributes to the growing body of evidence on the economic dimensions of LGBTI discrimination.

Bisexual --- Development Outcomes --- Discrimination --- Education --- Experiments --- Gay --- Gender Identity --- Housing --- Human Rights --- Law and Development --- Lesbian --- LGBTI --- Sexual Orientation --- SOGI --- Transgender --- Urban Development

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

In the 21st century, many developing countries will become emerging markets and will no longer be in need of the carrot-and-stick approach to development assistance most prevalent today: development financing made available conditional on certain policies and interventions. This paper suggests that interactions between development agencies and recipient governments are mostly about inputs deemed (but not known) to contribute to improvements in living standards in recipient countries, rather than outcomes. The paper argues that the development marketplace is beset by market imperfections because of externalities, principal-agent problems, and decision making under uncertainty, which not only make it difficult to achieve the right outcomes, but also take away incentives to learn about outcomes. A fundamental rethink of responsibilities and accountabilities in the development business would make sure that development outcomes are traded in the development marketplace. It would put recipient countries in charge of contracting development agencies to provide these outcomes. Development agencies would commit to and be held financially accountable for outcomes, that is, real improvements in welfare indicators. The paper describes the role of the evaluation function in aligning incentives with the ultimate goal of improving lives and provides examples of emerging solutions.

Debt Markets --- Development Economics & Aid Effectiveness --- Development Outcomes --- Economic Theory & Research --- Evaluation Function --- Externalities --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Labor Policies --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Market Failure --- Poverty Impact Evaluation --- Poverty Reduction --- Principal-Agent --- Social Protections and Labor

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

May 2000 - A higher share of income for the middle class and lower ethnic polarization are empirically associated with higher income, higher growth, more education, better health, better infrastructure, better economic policies, less political instability, less civil war (putting ethnic minorities at risk), more social modernization, and more democracy. Modern political economy stresses society's polarization as a determinant of development outcomes. Among the most common forms of social conflict are class polarization and ethnic polarization. A middle class consensus is defined as a high share of income for the middle class and a low degree of ethnic polarization. A middle class consensus distinguishes development successes from failures. A theoretical model shows how groups- distinguished by class or ethnicity - will under-invest in human capital and infrastructure when there is leakage to another group. Easterly links the existence of a middle class consensus to exogenous country characteristics such as resource endowments, along the lines of the provocative thesis of Engerman and Sokoloff 1997 that tropical commodity exporters are more unequal than other societies. Easterly confirms this hypothesis with cross-country data. This makes it possible to use resource endowments as instruments for inequality. A higher share of income for the middle class and lower ethnic polarization are empirically associated with higher income, higher growth, more education, better health, better infrastructure, better economic policies, less political instability, less civil war (putting ethnic minorities at risk), more social modernization, and more democracy. This paper - a product of Macroeconomics and Growth, Development Research Group - is part of a larger effort in the group to study the determinants of growth. The author may be contacted at weasterly@worldbank.org.

Class Polarization --- Cross-Country Data --- Cross-Country Differences --- Cross-Country Income --- Development Outcomes --- Development Successes --- Economic Development --- Economic Growth --- Emerging Markets --- Exogenous Country Characteristics --- Human Capital --- Income --- Income Differences --- Inequality --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Middle Class --- Middle Class Consensus --- Political Community --- Political Economy --- Political Instability --- Poverty Reduction --- Private Sector Development --- Resource Endowments --- Social Conflict