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In this paper, the authors: (i) study wage-experience profiles and obtain measures of returns to potential work experience using data from about 24 million individuals in 1,084 household surveys and census samples across 145 countries; (ii) show that returns to work experience are strongly correlated with economic development-workers in developed countries appear to accumulate twice more human capital at work than workers in developing countries; (iii) use a simple accounting framework to find that the contribution of work experience to human capital accumulation and economic development might be as important as the contribution of education itself; and (iv) employ panel regressions to investigate how changes in the returns over time correlate with several factors such as economic recessions, transitions, and human capital stocks.

Development Accounting --- Economic Development --- Economics of Education --- Education --- Educational Sciences --- Employment and Unemployment --- Human Capital --- Labor Market --- Returns To Education --- Returns To Experience --- Social Protections and Labor

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The World Bank Human Capital Index (HCI) is based on the productivity gains of future workers from human capital accumulation. But in many developing countries, a sizeable fraction of people are not employed, or are in jobs in which they cannot fully use their skills and cognitive abilities to increase their productivity. The Utilization-adjusted Human Capital Indices (UHCIs) adjust the HCI for labor-market underutilization of human capital, based on fraction of the working age population that are employed, or are in the types of jobs where they might be better able to use their skills and abilities to increase their productivity ("better employment"). The UHCIs generalize the growth-based interpretation of the HCI: the inverse of a country's UHCI score represents long-run GDP per capita with complete human capital and complete utilization, relative to that under the status quo. The UHCIs are designed to complement the HCI, and not to replace it: they have different purposes, and the challenges of measuring utilization mean that the UHCIs should be interpreted with caution for policy analysis. Both utilization measures are available for more than 160 countries, and are roughly U-shaped in per capita income, suggesting human capital is particularly underutilized in middle-income countries. Human capital is also underutilized for women: while the HCI is roughly equal across boys and girls, female UHCIs are typically lower than those for males, driven by lower employment rates.

Development Accounting --- Economics of Education --- Education --- Employment --- Employment and Unemployment --- HCI --- Health --- Human Capital --- Human Capital Index --- Labor Force Participation --- Labor Market Utilization --- Labor Markets --- Social Protections and Labor --- UHCI

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Ce livre montre que la réalisation d'un authentique développement durable ne passe pas par l'instauration d'un système de taxes ou de quotas environnementaux, ni par une modification des règles de calcul de la richesse des nations ou des entreprises. Cela ne se fera pas non plus par une correction des IFRS qui sont des normes dangereuses et obsolètes mais par une extension des règles de la comptabilité traditionnelle en coût historique. Il s'agit dorénavant de protéger le capital naturel et le capital humain par une prise en compte systématique de leur dégradation ; ces capitaux devront, en outre, être associés au pouvoir dans les entreprises. Ce retournement contre le capitalisme financier des règles de prudence de la comptabilité traditionnelle des entreprises et cette prise en compte des droits du capital naturel et humain seront la base d'une révolution de la gouvernance des entreprises et le point de départ d'une véritable démocratie participative à tous les niveaux.

Sustainable development --- Environmental auditing --- Natural resources --- Environmental impact analysis --- Corporations --- Environmental economics --- Accounting --- Economic aspects --- analyse --- comptabilite --- democratie --- developpement durable --- Development, Sustainable --- Ecologically sustainable development --- Economic development, Sustainable --- Economic sustainability --- ESD (Ecologically sustainable development) --- Smart growth --- Sustainable economic development --- Economic development --- boekhouding --- duurzame ontwikkeling --- Environmental aspects --- Sustainable development - Accounting --- Natural resources - Accounting --- Corporations - Accounting --- Environmental economics - Accounting --- Sustainable development - Economic aspects