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"Public banks are neither ultimately good nor bad but made and remade by contentious social forces. They are dynamic institutions. Set against the backdrop of financing a global green & just transition, this first single-authored academic book on public banks explores six case studies - the China Development Bank, the Nordic Investment Bank, the NABARD (India), Bank of North Dakota (US), the KfW (Germany), and the Banco Popular y de Desarrollo Comunal (Costa Rica). It evidences how public banks have acquired the representative structures, financial capacity, institutional knowledge, collaborative networks, and geographical reach needed to tackle challenges like decarbonisation, definancialisation, and democratisation. These six cases are hardly isolated. There are over 900 diverse public banks worldwide holding trillions in financial assets. None of them are without contradictions, pulled as they are between contending public and private interests in class-divided society. Yet it is because public banks are dynamic and socially contested institutions that they can be made to serve the public good"--

Banks and banking --- BUSINESS & ECONOMICS / Development / Economic Development. --- BUSINESS & ECONOMICS / Development / Economic Development

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This is the sixth Annual Review of Development Effectiveness (ARDE), covering the year 2002, whose findings indicate that the Bank's country, sector, and global programs are consistent with the Millennium Development Goals (MDG) themes, increasingly focused on poverty reduction. The review assesses, and evaluates the outcomes of its development assistance, indicating that at the project level, outcomes continue to improve, with seventy seven percent satisfactory ratings in FY01 (exceeding for a second year the Strategic Compact target of seventy five percent); over two thirds of projects were rated as likely, or highly likely to be sustained; and, one half rated as having substantial, or higher institutional development impacts. Sector strategies show increasing attention to poverty linkages, although findings suggest intensified efforts in the identification of relevant development outcomes, and corresponding intermediate indicators, as well as strengthening capacities, and incentives to monitor, and evaluate development outcomes. The Bank must move from recognizing the multi-sectoral determinants of development outcomes, to developing and implementing cross-sectoral strategies. Above all, the Bank needs to fully assess the implications at the corporate, country, sector, and global levels of the MDGs, and address these implications in its use of lending, and administrative resources.

BUSINESS & ECONOMICS --- Development / Economic Development --- Poverty --- Statistical methods. --- Mathematical models.

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Economists offer rigorous quantitative analyses of how the institutional design and purpose of the WTO (and its progenitor, the GATT) affect economic development.The World Trade Organization (WTO) was established partly to support economic development in developing countries through international trade. This goal has been elusive, with some questioning the WTO's ability to achieve such a goal. In this volume, leading scholars in the economics of international trade offer rigorous quantitative analyses of how the institutional design and purpose of the WTO (and its progenitor, the GATT) affect economic development. The volume begins with analyses of market access concessions that have been or could be exchanged between developing and developed countries, from a formal framework for incorporating non-tariff measures into a model for analyzing a multilateral trade agreement to an examination of the MFN (most-favored nation) free rider problem. Contributors then develop new theoretical and econometric approaches for understanding key aspects of trade liberalization under the GATT/WTO that are of particular relevance to economic development, considering such topics as achieving cooperation in eliminating prohibitive trade barriers and the effect of China's export subsidies on its dramatic growth in exports. Finally, the book considers two significant new issues that arose from the Uruguay round, from which the WTO was formed: the TRIPS agreement, regulating intellectual property; and the resolution of trade disputes with and without litigation. Taken together, these analyses shed new light on the relationship between trade liberalization and economic development as well as the WTO's effectiveness.

Economic development. --- World Trade Organization. --- BUSINESS & ECONOMICS / Development / Economic Development

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BUSINESS & ECONOMICS --- Development / Economic Development --- Sustainable development --- Economic geography --- Business & Economics --- Economic History --- Africa --- Economic conditions.

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This book explores the interactions between private sector development, public policies and societal institutions with a strong view on contributing to sustainable and inclusive development in emerging countries. The private sector is often praised as an engine of economic growth. This belief has led to significant efforts to promote private sector development in emerging countries. Development agencies prioritize private sector development and national governments are following suit, resulting in often huge incentives to stimulate and attract private investment. However, private sector development is not a panacea for sustainable and inclusive development as the past decades have clearly shown. Economic growth, societal development and environmental sustainability are often in a sharp conflict; and more often than not economic growth has failed to improve the lives of all citizens. This book examines the role the state and the private sector should play to benefit from the dynamics of business development, while ensuring that these benefits are shared broadly without jeopardizing sustainability. The views presented differ in detail, but the analyses and case studies presented share common themes, namely that the relative roles of state and private sector of should be balanced and that this particular balance should be based on the context of each country in order to make the private-public sector interaction work for all people.

BUSINESS & ECONOMICS / Development / Economic Development. --- Private Sector Development, Industrial Policy, Innovation, Inclusive Growth, Sustainability, Political Economy.