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The number of young people is reaching unprecedented levels in most developing countries. In many countries, especially in East Asia and Latin America, youth populations are at or near their peak, and will decline in coming decades. In other countries, especially in Africa and South Asia, youth populations will continue growing for several decades. From an economic perspective, absolute numbers may be less important than the growth rate or relative size of youth cohorts. Growth rates and the ratio of youth to working-age population reached a peak in the 1970s or 1980s in most developing countries. The worst economic pressures of youth demography may have already occurred in many countries, although significant pressure will continue in Africa and South Asia.

Changes In Fertility --- Demographic Changes --- Developing Countries --- Economic Change --- Economic Implications --- Family Resources --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- Labor Market --- Lam --- Policy --- Policy Research --- Policy Research Working Paper --- Population --- Population Estimates --- Population Policies --- Population Projections --- Population Studies --- Progress --- Rate Of Growth --- United Nations Population Division --- World Population --- Young People --- Youth and Government

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This paper investigates the impact of international migration on technical efficiency, resource allocation and income from agricultural production of family farming in Albania. The results suggest that migration is used by rural households as a pathway out of agriculture: migration is negatively associated with the allocation of both labor and non-labor inputs in agriculture, while no significant differences can be detected in terms of farm technical efficiency or agricultural income. Whether the rapid demographic changes in rural areas triggered by massive migration, possibly combined with propitious land and rural development policies, will ultimately produce the conditions for more viable, high-return agriculture attracting larger investments remains to be seen.

Agricultural Knowledge and Information Systems --- Agricultural production --- Agriculture --- Demographic changes --- Development policies --- Economic Theory and Research --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- Impact of migration --- International Migration --- Labor Policies --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Policy ReseaRch --- Policy ReseaRch WoRking PaPeR --- Population Policies --- Resource allocation --- Rural areas --- Rural Development --- Rural development --- Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems --- Social Protections and Labor

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This paper discusses options to facilitate movement of workers between high-income and developing countries within the framework of trade agreements, focusing on the European Union's partnership agreements with neighboring countries. Existing frameworks for cooperation offer the possibility of expanding temporary rather than longer-term or permanent movement of workers since extant trade agreements provide scope for negotiating specific market access commitments for services, including those delivered through the cross-border movement of natural persons. Even though the potential for such "embodied" trade in services will not be anywhere near what would be associated with substantial liberalization of migration regimes, furthering the services trade dimension in the European Union's trade agreements offers significant potential Pareto gains. For the partner countries these gains from temporary movement of service providers are both direct - through greater employment in/revenue from providing services in the European Union - and indirect - by helping to increase and sustain higher growth at home.

Communities & Human Settlements --- Demographic changes --- Demographic trends --- Dependency ratio --- Developing countries --- Economic integration --- Economic transition --- Elderly --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- Housing and Human Habitats --- International trade --- Labor force --- Labor market --- Labor Markets --- Labor markets --- Labor Policies --- Migration --- Movement of people --- Policy research --- Policy research working paper --- Political realities --- Population Policies --- Progress --- Public Sector Corruption and Anticorruption Measures --- Service providers --- Skill level --- Social Protections and Labor --- Treaty

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Using household surveys for 24 countries over a 10-year period, this paper investigates why the elderly are more averse to open immigration policies than their younger peers. The analysis finds that the negative correlation between age and pro-immigration attitudes is mostly explained by a cohort or generational change. In fact, once controlling for year of birth, the correlation between age and pro-immigration attitudes is either positive or zero in most of the countries in the sample. Under certain assumptions, the estimates suggest that aging societies will tend to become less averse to open immigration regimes over time.

Adolescence --- Adulthood --- Age --- Age Groups --- Aging --- Bulletin --- Citizens --- Citizenship --- Democracy --- Demographic Changes --- Developing Countries --- Development Policy --- Discrimination --- Economic Growth --- Education --- Effects --- Elderly --- Estimates --- Ethnic Group --- Ethnicity --- Fertility --- Gender --- Gender & Social Development --- Generations --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- Host Country --- Household Income --- Household Surveys --- Immigrant --- Immigration --- Immigration Policy --- Knowledge --- Labor Force --- Labor Market --- Measures --- Methodology --- Migrants --- Migration --- Migration Policy --- Mortality --- Native Workers --- Norms --- Older People --- Organizations --- Pensions --- Policy --- Policy Discussions --- Policy Research --- Policy Research Working Paper --- Political Support --- Population --- Population Policies --- Population Projections --- Population Size --- Progress --- Projections --- Psychology --- Publications --- Research --- Research Working Papers --- Scenario --- Science and Technology Development --- Science Education --- Scientific Research & Science Parks --- Size --- Social Norms --- Social Security --- Societies --- Sociology --- Survey Data --- Surveys --- Theory --- Time --- Unemployment --- Wages --- Weight --- World Population --- Young Workers --- Youth