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Preferential reward processing is the hallmark of addiction, where salient cues become overvalued and trigger compulsion. In depression, rewards appear to lose their incentive properties or become devalued. In the context of schizophrenia, aberrations in neural reward signalling are thought to contribute to the overvaluation of irrelevant stimuli on the one hand and the onset of negative symptoms on the other. Accordingly, reward processing has emerged as a key variable in contemporary, evidence based, diagnostic frameworks, such as the Research Domain Criteria launched by the United States National Institute of Mental Health. Delineation of the underlying mechanisms of aberrant or blunted reward processing can be of trans-diagnostic importance across several neuropsychiatric disorders. Reward processing can become automatic thus raising the question of cognitive control, a core theme of this Topic, which aims at justifying the necessity of reward processing as a potential therapeutic target in clinical settings. Empirical and theoretical contributions on the following themes were expected to: *Explore new avenues of research by investigating the processing of rewards at the cognitive, behavioral, motivational, neural systems and individual difference levels. A developmental focus is promising in this regard, probing the core processes that shape reward processing and thus subsequent liability to motivational and affective disorders. *Develop and refine conceptual models of reward processing from computational neuroscience. *Promote greater understanding and development of emergent therapeutic approaches such as cognitive bias modification and behavioural approach or avoidance training. A key question is the feasibility of reversing or modifying maladaptive patterns of reward processing to therapeutic ends. *Refine and augment the evidential database for tried and tested therapies such as Contingency Management and Behavioral Activation by focusing on core cognitive processes mediating rewards. *Provide a potential dimensional approach for reward processing deficits that can be of trans-diagnostic importance in clinically relevant disorders, including depression and addiction * Investigate the subjective experience of pleasure- the hedonic aspect of reward seeking and consumption – and how this can be distinguished from the motivational, sometimes compulsive, component of reward pursuit. This promises more nuanced and effective interventions. Depression, for instance, could be seen as the restricted pursuit of pleasure rather than blunted pleasure experience; addiction can be viewed as accentuated drug seeking despite diminished consummatory pleasure. This aims to place motivation centre stage in both scenarios, emphasising the transdiagnostic theme of the Topic. *Temporal discounting of future rewards, whereby smaller, more immediate rewards are chosen even when significantly more valuable deferred rewards are available, is another trans-diagnostic phenomenon of interest in the in the present context. Factors that influence this, such as discounting of future reward are thought to reflect compulsion in the addictive context and hopelessness on the part of people experiencing depression. The executive cognitive processes that regulate this decision making are of both scientific and clinical significance. Empirical findings, theoretical contributions or commentaries bearing on cognitive or executive control were therefore welcome.

Computational Psychiatry --- stress --- incentive salience --- Schizophrenia --- Anhedonia --- substance use disorder --- Depressive Disorder --- delay discounting --- reward processing --- Cognitive Bias Modification --- decision-making --- Bayesian inference

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Preferential reward processing is the hallmark of addiction, where salient cues become overvalued and trigger compulsion. In depression, rewards appear to lose their incentive properties or become devalued. In the context of schizophrenia, aberrations in neural reward signalling are thought to contribute to the overvaluation of irrelevant stimuli on the one hand and the onset of negative symptoms on the other. Accordingly, reward processing has emerged as a key variable in contemporary, evidence based, diagnostic frameworks, such as the Research Domain Criteria launched by the United States National Institute of Mental Health. Delineation of the underlying mechanisms of aberrant or blunted reward processing can be of trans-diagnostic importance across several neuropsychiatric disorders. Reward processing can become automatic thus raising the question of cognitive control, a core theme of this Topic, which aims at justifying the necessity of reward processing as a potential therapeutic target in clinical settings. Empirical and theoretical contributions on the following themes were expected to: *Explore new avenues of research by investigating the processing of rewards at the cognitive, behavioral, motivational, neural systems and individual difference levels. A developmental focus is promising in this regard, probing the core processes that shape reward processing and thus subsequent liability to motivational and affective disorders. *Develop and refine conceptual models of reward processing from computational neuroscience. *Promote greater understanding and development of emergent therapeutic approaches such as cognitive bias modification and behavioural approach or avoidance training. A key question is the feasibility of reversing or modifying maladaptive patterns of reward processing to therapeutic ends. *Refine and augment the evidential database for tried and tested therapies such as Contingency Management and Behavioral Activation by focusing on core cognitive processes mediating rewards. *Provide a potential dimensional approach for reward processing deficits that can be of trans-diagnostic importance in clinically relevant disorders, including depression and addiction * Investigate the subjective experience of pleasure- the hedonic aspect of reward seeking and consumption – and how this can be distinguished from the motivational, sometimes compulsive, component of reward pursuit. This promises more nuanced and effective interventions. Depression, for instance, could be seen as the restricted pursuit of pleasure rather than blunted pleasure experience; addiction can be viewed as accentuated drug seeking despite diminished consummatory pleasure. This aims to place motivation centre stage in both scenarios, emphasising the transdiagnostic theme of the Topic. *Temporal discounting of future rewards, whereby smaller, more immediate rewards are chosen even when significantly more valuable deferred rewards are available, is another trans-diagnostic phenomenon of interest in the in the present context. Factors that influence this, such as discounting of future reward are thought to reflect compulsion in the addictive context and hopelessness on the part of people experiencing depression. The executive cognitive processes that regulate this decision making are of both scientific and clinical significance. Empirical findings, theoretical contributions or commentaries bearing on cognitive or executive control were therefore welcome.

Computational Psychiatry --- stress --- incentive salience --- Schizophrenia --- Anhedonia --- substance use disorder --- Depressive Disorder --- delay discounting --- reward processing --- Cognitive Bias Modification --- decision-making --- Bayesian inference --- Computational Psychiatry --- stress --- incentive salience --- Schizophrenia --- Anhedonia --- substance use disorder --- Depressive Disorder --- delay discounting --- reward processing --- Cognitive Bias Modification --- decision-making --- Bayesian inference

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Although the subthalamic nucleus (STN) is involved in regulating motor function, and inactivation of this structure relieves the motor symptoms in Parkinsonian patients, recent data indicate that corticosubthalamic connections are involved in both the regulation of attention and the ability to withhold from responding. Considerable evidence suggests that the neural circuitry underlying such behavioural disinhibition or impulsive action can be at least partially dissociated from that implicated in impulsive decision-making and it has been suggested that the tendency to choose impulsively is related to the ability to form and use Pavlovian associations. To explore these hypotheses further, STN-lesioned rats were tested on the delay-discounting model of impulsive choice, where impulsivity is defined as the selection of a small immediate over a larger delayed reward, as well as in a rodent autoshaping paradigm. In contrast to previous reports of increased impulsive action, STN lesions decreased impulsive choice but dramatically impaired the acquisition of the autoshaping response. When the STN was lesioned after the establishment of autoshaping behaviour, lesioned subjects were more sensitive to the omission of reward, indicative of a reduction in the use of Pavlovian associations to control autoshaping performance. These results emphasize the importance of the STN in permitting conditioned stimulus-unconditioned stimulus associations to regulate goal-seeking, a function which may relate to the alterations in impulsive choice observed in the delay-discounting task. These data bear a striking similarity to those observed after lesions of the orbitofrontal cortex and are suggestive of an important role for corticosubthalamic connections in complex cognitive behaviour

Ability. --- Accumbens core. --- Acquisition. --- Anterior cingulate. --- Association. --- Attention. --- Attentional performance. --- Basal ganglia. --- Bear. --- Behaviour. --- Choice. --- Conditioning. --- Control. --- Cortex. --- Deep brain-stimulation. --- Delay-discounting. --- Disinhibition. --- Excitotoxic lesions. --- Frontosubthalamic pathway. --- Function. --- Impulsivity. --- Lesion. --- Lesions. --- Model. --- Motivation. --- Nucleus. --- Obsessive-compulsive disorder. --- Orbitofrontal cortex. --- Parkinsons-disease. --- Performance. --- Perseveration. --- Rat. --- Rats. --- Reaction-time-task. --- Reduction. --- Regulation. --- Response. --- Reward. --- Rodent. --- Selection. --- Stimulus. --- Striatal dopamine depletion. --- Striking. --- Subthalamic nucleus. --- Task. --- Time.

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The Addiction Casebook consists of 13 clinical cases that exemplify DSM-5 addiction diagnoses commonly encountered in clinical practice. Written in an engaging, easy-to-understand manner, the book complements substance abuse textbooks by providing hands-on experience with real-life situations and updated information relating to DSM-5® diagnoses.

Behavior, Addictive -- Case reports. --- Substance abuse -- Case studies. --- Substance-related disorders -- Case reports. --- Diseases --- Compulsive Behavior --- Mental Disorders --- Study Characteristics --- Publication Characteristics --- Impulsive Behavior --- Psychiatry and Psychology --- Behavior --- Behavior and Behavior Mechanisms --- Substance-Related Disorders --- Case Reports --- Behavior, Addictive --- Psychiatry --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Substance Abuse Disorders --- Addictive Behavior --- Addictive Behaviors --- Behaviors, Addictive --- Substance Addiction --- Drug Abuse --- Drug Addiction --- Drug Dependence --- Drug Habituation --- Drug Use Disorders --- Organic Mental Disorders, Substance-Induced --- Substance Abuse --- Substance Dependence --- Substance Use Disorders --- Abuse, Drug --- Abuse, Substance --- Abuses, Substance --- Addiction, Drug --- Addiction, Substance --- Dependence, Drug --- Dependence, Substance --- Disorder, Drug Use --- Disorder, Substance Use --- Drug Use Disorder --- Habituation, Drug --- Organic Mental Disorders, Substance Induced --- Substance Abuses --- Substance Use Disorder --- Acceptance Process --- Acceptance Processes --- Behaviors --- Process, Acceptance --- Processes, Acceptance --- Impulsivity --- Behavior, Impulsive --- Behaviors, Impulsive --- Impulsive Behaviors --- Impulsivities --- Behavior Disorders --- Diagnosis, Psychiatric --- Mental Disorders, Severe --- Psychiatric Diagnosis --- Disorder, Mental --- Disorder, Severe Mental --- Disorders, Behavior --- Disorders, Mental --- Disorders, Severe Mental --- Mental Disorder --- Mental Disorder, Severe --- Severe Mental Disorder --- Severe Mental Disorders --- Behavior, Compulsive --- Behaviors, Compulsive --- Compulsive Behaviors --- Prescription Drug Abuse --- Abuse, Prescription Drug --- Drug Abuse, Prescription --- Drug and Narcotic Control --- Disruptive, Impulse Control, and Conduct Disorders --- Psychoses, Alcoholic --- Social Problems --- Street Drugs --- Designer Drugs --- Codependency (Psychology) --- Alcohol-Related Disorders --- Prescription Drug Misuse --- Delay Discounting --- Mentally Ill Persons --- Illicit Drugs --- Codependency, Psychological --- Psychiatric Diseases --- Psychiatric Disorders --- Psychiatric Illness --- Psychiatric Disease --- Psychiatric Disorder --- Psychiatric Illnesses --- Compulsive behavior. --- Substance abuse.

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Internet addiction --- Military Personnel --- Review --- Behavior, Addictive --- Internet --- Journal Article --- Occupational Groups --- Compulsive Behavior --- Computer Communication Networks --- Publication Formats --- Impulsive Behavior --- Persons --- Computer Systems --- Computing Methodologies --- Named Groups --- Behavior --- Publication Characteristics --- Behavior and Behavior Mechanisms --- Information Science --- Psychiatry and Psychology --- Psychiatric Disorders, Individual --- Psychiatry --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Treatment --- Acceptance Process --- Acceptance Processes --- Behaviors --- Process, Acceptance --- Processes, Acceptance --- Information Sciences --- Science, Information --- Sciences, Information --- High Performance Computing --- Methodologies, Computing --- Computing Methodology --- Computing, High Performance --- Methodology, Computing --- Performance Computing, High --- Person --- Impulsivity --- Behavior, Impulsive --- Behaviors, Impulsive --- Impulsive Behaviors --- Impulsivities --- Organization, Computer Systems --- Computer Architecture --- Computer Systems Development --- Computer Systems Evaluation --- Computer Systems Organization --- Real-Time Systems --- Architecture, Computer --- Architectures, Computer --- Computer Architectures --- Computer System --- Computer Systems Evaluations --- Development, Computer Systems --- Evaluation, Computer Systems --- Evaluations, Computer Systems --- Real Time Systems --- Real-Time System --- System, Computer --- System, Real-Time --- Systems, Computer --- Systems, Real-Time --- Computer Network Management --- Databases, Distributed --- Distributed Systems --- Extranets --- Intranets --- Network Communication Protocols --- Telecommunication Networks --- Communication Network, Computer --- Communication Networks, Computer --- Communication Protocol, Network --- Communication Protocols, Network --- Computer Communication Network --- Database, Distributed --- Distributed Database --- Distributed Databases --- Distributed System --- Extranet --- Intranet --- Management, Computer Network --- Network Communication Protocol --- Network Management, Computer --- Network, Computer Communication --- Network, Telecommunication --- Networks, Computer Communication --- Networks, Telecommunication --- Protocol, Network Communication --- Protocols, Network Communication --- System, Distributed --- Systems, Distributed --- Telecommunication Network --- Behavior, Compulsive --- Behaviors, Compulsive --- Compulsive Behaviors --- Group, Occupational --- Groups, Occupational --- Occupational Group --- World Wide Web --- Internets --- Web, World Wide --- Wide Web, World --- Addictive Behavior --- Addictive Behaviors --- Behaviors, Addictive --- Military --- Air Force Personnel --- Armed Forces Personnel --- Army Personnel --- Coast Guard --- Marines --- Navy Personnel --- Sailors --- Soldiers --- Submariners --- Force Personnel, Air --- Personnel, Air Force --- Personnel, Armed Forces --- Personnel, Army --- Personnel, Military --- Personnel, Navy --- Sailor --- Soldier --- Submariner --- Addiction, Internet --- Addiction to the Internet --- Addictive use of the Internet --- Compulsive Internet use --- Delay Discounting --- Telecommunications --- Education, Distance --- Occupations --- Cyber Space --- Cyberspace --- Military Family --- Compulsive behavior --- Military Deployment --- Deployment, Military --- Employee --- Employees --- Personnel --- Worker --- Workers --- Military Health --- Behavior And Behavior Mechanism --- United States. --- Airmen --- Mental health. --- AF (Air force) --- Air Force (U.S.) --- U.S.A.F. (Air force) --- United States Air Force --- US Air Force --- USAF (Air force) --- Veterans --- Psychology --- Factors, Psychological --- Psychological Factors --- Psychological Side Effects --- Psychologists --- Psychosocial Factors --- Side Effects, Psychological --- Factor, Psychological --- Factor, Psychosocial --- Factors, Psychosocial --- Psychological Factor --- Psychological Side Effect --- Psychologist --- Psychosocial Factor --- Side Effect, Psychological