Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

The information age owes its existence to a little-known but crucial development, the theoretical study of logic and the foundations of mathematics. The Great Formal Machinery Works draws on original sources and rare archival materials to trace the history of the theories of deduction and computation that laid the logical foundations for the digital revolution.Jan von Plato examines the contributions of figures such as Aristotle; the nineteenth-century German polymath Hermann Grassmann; George Boole, whose Boolean logic would prove essential to programming languages and computing; Ernst Schröder, best known for his work on algebraic logic; and Giuseppe Peano, cofounder of mathematical logic. Von Plato shows how the idea of a formal proof in mathematics emerged gradually in the second half of the nineteenth century, hand in hand with the notion of a formal process of computation. A turning point was reached by 1930, when Kurt Gödel conceived his celebrated incompleteness theorems. They were an enormous boost to the study of formal languages and computability, which were brought to perfection by the end of the 1930s with precise theories of formal languages and formal deduction and parallel theories of algorithmic computability. Von Plato describes how the first theoretical ideas of a computer soon emerged in the work of Alan Turing in 1936 and John von Neumann some years later.Shedding new light on this crucial chapter in the history of science, The Great Formal Machinery Works is essential reading for students and researchers in logic, mathematics, and computer science.

Information technology --- Computers --- History. --- Arend Heyting. --- Begriffsschrift. --- Bertrand Russell. --- David Hilbert. --- Earth. --- Ernst Schröder. --- Eugenio Beltrami. --- Gentzen. --- George Boole. --- Gerard Gentzen. --- Gottlob Frege. --- Guiseppe Peano. --- Gödel. --- Göttingen. --- Hermann Grassmann. --- Heyting algebras. --- Hilbert. --- Karl Menger. --- Kurt Gödel. --- Kurt Hensel. --- Leopold Kronecker. --- Moritz Schlick. --- Paul Bernays. --- Peano. --- Principia Mathematica. --- Rudolf Carnap. --- Thoralf Skolem. --- Vienna Circle. --- algebraic equations. --- algebraic logic. --- algorithmic computability. --- angles. --- arithmetic. --- assumptions. --- axioms. --- basic notions. --- calculus. --- classical arithmetic. --- computation. --- connectives. --- contemporary logic. --- deduction. --- deductive reasoning. --- digital revolution. --- finitary reasoning. --- finitism. --- geometry. --- hypothetic reasoning. --- incompleteness theorems. --- indirect proofs. --- inference. --- information age. --- intuistic arithmetic. --- lattice theory. --- logic. --- logical empiricism. --- logical structure. --- logical truths. --- mathematical logic. --- mathematical proofs. --- mathematical roots. --- mathematics. --- negation. --- non-Euclidan geometries. --- notation. --- one-place predicates. --- parallel postulate. --- philosophy. --- programming language. --- proof. --- pure thinking. --- quantificational inferences. --- theorems. --- triangles.

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

A firm grasp of Islamic fundamentalism has often eluded Western political observers, many of whom view it in relation to social and economic upheaval or explain it away as an irrational reaction to modernity. Here Roxanne Euben makes new sense of this belief system by revealing it as a critique of and rebuttal to rationalist discourse and post-Enlightenment political theories. Euben draws on political, postmodernist, and critical theory, as well as Middle Eastern studies, Islamic thought, comparative politics, and anthropology, to situate Islamic fundamentalist thought within a transcultural theoretical context. In so doing, she illuminates an unexplored dimension of the Islamist movement and holds a mirror up to anxieties within contemporary Western political thought about the nature and limits of modern rationalism--anxieties common to Christian fundamentalists, postmodernists, conservatives, and communitarians. A comparison between Islamic fundamentalism and various Western critiques of rationalism yields formerly uncharted connections between Western and Islamic political thought, allowing the author to reclaim an understanding of political theory as inherently comparative. Her arguments bear on broad questions about the methods Westerners employ to understand movements and ideas that presuppose nonrational, transcendent truths. Euben finds that first, political theory can play a crucial role in understanding concrete political phenomena often considered beyond its jurisdiction; second, the study of such phenomena tests the scope of Western rationalist categories; and finally, that Western political theory can be enriched by exploring non-Western perspectives on fundamental debates about coexistence.

Islamic fundamentalism --- Rationalism --- Islamic countries --- Politics and government --- Islamic fundamentalism. --- Rationalism. --- #SBIB:031.IO --- #SBIB:321H91 --- #SBIB:316.331H330 --- Knowledge, Theory of --- Religion --- Belief and doubt --- Deism --- Free thought --- Realism --- Fundamentalism, Islamic --- Islamism --- Islam --- Religious fundamentalism --- Niet-specifieke politieke en sociale theorieën vanaf de 19e eeuw: islam, Arabisch nationalisme --- Godsdienst en politiek: algemeen --- -Muslim countries --- Politics and government. --- Islamic countries - Politics and government --- Alterity. --- Ambiguity. --- Anachronism. --- Anathema. --- Anthropomorphism. --- Anti-Oedipus. --- Anti-Western sentiment. --- Anti-imperialism. --- Antinomy. --- Apologetics. --- Assassination. --- Authoritarianism. --- Clash of Civilizations. --- Communitarianism. --- Criticism. --- Critique of ideology. --- Critique. --- Deductive reasoning. --- Deism. --- Demagogue. --- Despotism. --- Dialectical materialism. --- Dichotomy. --- Dictatorship. --- Disadvantage. --- Disenchantment. --- Emotivism. --- End of history. --- Ethnocentrism. --- Excommunication. --- False consciousness. --- False god. --- God. --- Great Satan. --- Hannah Arendt. --- Heresy. --- Heterodoxy. --- Hostility. --- Hypocrisy. --- Ideology. --- Idolatry. --- Impediment (canon law). --- Imperialism. --- Infidel. --- Injunction. --- Inner-worldly asceticism. --- Irrationality. --- Irreligion. --- Islam. --- Islamic extremism. --- Islamism. --- Islamization of knowledge. --- Jamal ad-Din al-Afghani. --- Jihadism. --- Legitimation crisis. --- Manichaeism. --- Materialism. --- Militarism. --- Modernity. --- Nihilism. --- Obscurantism. --- Oppression. --- Orientalism. --- Overreaction. --- Paradox. --- Political Order in Changing Societies. --- Political alienation. --- Political aspects of Islam. --- Political decay. --- Political philosophy. --- Political prisoner. --- Politics. --- Postmodern philosophy. --- Postmodernism. --- Prejudice. --- Protest vote. --- Qutb. --- Radicalism (historical). --- Radicalization. --- Rashid Rida. --- Reactionary. --- Rebuttal. --- Reformism. --- Religion. --- Seditious conspiracy. --- Separate spheres. --- Separation of church and state. --- Sharia. --- Skepticism. --- Social criticism. --- Sovereignty. --- Spiritual crisis. --- Superstition. --- The End of Ideology. --- Truism. --- Vagueness. --- Vulnerability. --- Wahhabism. --- Yellow Peril.

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

What is life? What is water? What is sound? In Sounding the Limits of Life, anthropologist Stefan Helmreich investigates how contemporary scientists-biologists, oceanographers, and audio engineers-are redefining these crucial concepts. Life, water, and sound are phenomena at once empirical and abstract, material and formal, scientific and social. In the age of synthetic biology, rising sea levels, and new technologies of listening, these phenomena stretch toward their conceptual snapping points, breaching the boundaries between the natural, cultural, and virtual.Through examinations of the computational life sciences, marine biology, astrobiology, acoustics, and more, Helmreich follows scientists to the limits of these categories. Along the way, he offers critical accounts of such other-than-human entities as digital life forms, microbes, coral reefs, whales, seawater, extraterrestrials, tsunamis, seashells, and bionic cochlea. He develops a new notion of "sounding"-as investigating, fathoming, listening-to describe the form of inquiry appropriate for tracking meanings and practices of the biological, aquatic, and sonic in a time of global change and climate crisis.Sounding the Limits of Life shows that life, water, and sound no longer mean what they once did, and that what count as their essential natures are under dynamic revision.

Physical anthropology. --- Human biology. --- Life sciences. --- Ethnology. --- Cultural anthropology --- Ethnography --- Races of man --- Social anthropology --- Anthropology --- Human beings --- Biosciences --- Sciences, Life --- Science --- Biology --- Physical anthropology --- Biological anthropology --- Somatology --- Human biology --- Life sciences --- Ethnology --- 781.1 --- 7.01 --- Sound studies --- Antropologie --- Geluidskunst --- Kunst ; theorie, filosofie, --- Artificial Intelligence. --- Artificial Life. --- Century's End. --- Charles Sanders Peirce. --- Cold War. --- DNA. --- Deaf studies. --- Donna Haraway. --- Earth. --- Florian Hecker. --- Google Earth. --- Google Ocean. --- Hillel Schwartz. --- India. --- Indian Ocean tsunami. --- Peter Galison. --- Raymond Williams. --- Rudolph Bodmer. --- Satish Singh. --- The Culture of the Copy. --- abductive reasoning. --- analog whale. --- anthropology. --- aquatic. --- artificial life form. --- astrobiology. --- auditory chimeras. --- auditory chimerism. --- biological. --- biology. --- chimeric composition. --- chimeric listening. --- cognition. --- computational life sciences. --- computer simulations. --- coral reef science. --- coral reefs. --- culture. --- cyborg sound. --- deaf futurists. --- deafness. --- deductive reasoning. --- digital life forms. --- digital media. --- digital whale. --- ethno-conchology. --- experimental music. --- extraterrestrial intelligence. --- extraterrestrial life. --- feminist science studies. --- fiberglass whale. --- genealogies. --- geological time. --- global ocean. --- global warming. --- globalization. --- hearing. --- human microbiome. --- icons. --- indexes. --- inductive reasoning. --- knowledge. --- life form. --- life. --- limit biologies. --- listening. --- marine biology. --- marine microbiology. --- microbes. --- microbial life. --- migration. --- modernism. --- modernity. --- natural philosophers. --- nature. --- ocean time. --- ocean. --- oceanization. --- oceanographic conference. --- popular science. --- race. --- scientific research. --- scientists. --- sea lions. --- seashell sound. --- seashells. --- seawater. --- sex. --- signification. --- silence. --- simulated whale. --- social theory. --- sonic. --- sound recordings. --- sound studies. --- sound. --- species. --- speech. --- symbols. --- theory machine. --- theory. --- time. --- underwater archaeology. --- underwater music. --- water. --- whale fall. --- whales.

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

The present book contains the 24 total articles accepted and published in the Special Issue “Fuzzy Sets, Fuzzy Logic and Their Applications, 2020” of the MDPI Mathematics journal, which covers a wide range of topics connected to the theory and applications of fuzzy sets and systems of fuzzy logic and their extensions/generalizations. These topics include, among others, elements from fuzzy graphs; fuzzy numbers; fuzzy equations; fuzzy linear spaces; intuitionistic fuzzy sets; soft sets; type-2 fuzzy sets, bipolar fuzzy sets, plithogenic sets, fuzzy decision making, fuzzy governance, fuzzy models in mathematics of finance, a philosophical treatise on the connection of the scientific reasoning with fuzzy logic, etc. It is hoped that the book will be interesting and useful for those working in the area of fuzzy sets, fuzzy systems and fuzzy logic, as well as for those with the proper mathematical background and willing to become familiar with recent advances in fuzzy mathematics, which has become prevalent in almost all sectors of the human life and activity.

bipolar gradation of openness --- bipolar gradation of closedness --- bipolar fuzzy topology --- bipolar gradation preserving map --- fuzzy collaborative forecasting --- dynamic random access memory --- partial consensus --- fuzzy intersection --- fuzzy linear system --- fuzzy number --- fuzzy number vector --- embedding method --- inductive and deductive reasoning --- fuzzy logic (FL) --- scientific method --- probability and statistics --- Bayesian probabilities --- fuzzy implication --- ordering property --- least fuzzy negation --- t-conditionality --- neutrosophic set --- plithogenic set --- fuzzy set --- entropy --- similarity measure --- information measure --- Hyers-Ulam stability --- pexider type functional equation --- intuitionistic fuzzy normed spaces --- alternative fixed point theorem --- interval-valued fuzzy competition graph --- interval-valued fuzzy p competition graph --- interval-valued fuzzy neighbourhood graph --- interval-valued m-step fuzzy competition graph --- homomorphism of graph products --- max-min algebra --- fuzzy max-T algebra --- Łukasiewicz triangular norm --- max-Łukasiewicz algebra --- parametric solvability --- soft set --- fuzzy soft set --- multi-fuzzy set --- multi-fuzzy soft set --- ℒℳℱ?? --- similarity measure of ℒℳℱ?? --- site selection --- shopping mall site selection --- linguistic terms for fuzzy variable --- fuzzy AHP --- fuzzy TOPSIS --- octahedron set --- i-octahedron subgroupoid --- i-octahedron ideal --- i-sup-property, i-octahedron subgroup --- i-octahedron subring --- interval matrix --- interval eigenvector --- strong interval eigenvector --- fuzzy nonlinear systems --- fuzzy arithmetic --- fuzzy calculus --- multidimensional fuzzy arithmetic --- RDM fuzzy arithmetic --- fuzzy parametric form --- fuzzy measures --- monotone measures --- product spaces --- Schauder fixed point theorem --- fuzzy normed linear space --- t-norm --- measure of non-compactness --- fuzzy logic connectives --- law of importation --- α-migrativity --- distance measure --- fuzzy differential equations --- fuzzy difference equations --- mixed continuous-discrete model --- strongly generalized Hukuhara differentiability --- time value of money --- GEFS --- SEFS --- fuzzy relations: fuzzy sets --- max–min composition --- min–max composition --- monotone statistical parameters --- fuzzy statistics --- FAHP --- FTOPSIS --- FCOPRAS --- hexagonal fuzzy number --- governance --- fuzzy logic --- management system --- type-2 fuzzy set --- fuzzification --- type-reduction --- defuzzification --- B-spline surface model function