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The European debt crisis has posed a challenge for many people to understand, both non-Europeans and Europeans alike. Even economists, finance specialists, and market commentators are often uncertain of its causes or in the interpretation of events ongoing, or of past events that have taken place that then shaped the current situation. Typically, this lack of comprehension results from a lack of understanding of how European institutions work, the structure of European politics and the Eurozone, the economics of the financial system, or the relationship of debt markets to current government policies in the European Union (EU). The purpose of this book is to describe the causes and outcomes of the European debt crisis (to the date of publication) within the context of three questions most often asked about the debt crisis: (i) what happened, (ii) why did it happen, and (iii) why has the crisis been so difficult for policy makers to address?

Financial crises --- Europe --- Economic conditions --- European debt crisis --- European politics --- European Union --- EU --- European integration --- sovereign debt --- currency union --- monetary policy --- fiscal policy --- EU institutions --- debt crisis timeline --- the Euro --- Greek debt crisis --- macroeconomics --- recession --- banking union --- Eurozone --- bailouts --- currency risk --- bond risk --- financial uncertainty --- central bank policy --- central bank independence --- Germany --- ECB --- European Central Bank --- IMF --- International Monetary Fund --- the troika --- European unemployment

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The untold history of how America’s student-loan program turned the pursuit of higher education into a pathway to poverty. It didn’t always take thirty years to pay off the cost of a bachelor’s degree. Elizabeth Tandy Shermer untangles the history that brought us here and discovers that the story of skyrocketing college debt is not merely one of good intentions gone wrong. In fact, the federal student loan program was never supposed to make college affordable. The earliest federal proposals for college affordability sought to replace tuition with taxpayer funding of institutions. But Southern whites feared that lower costs would undermine segregation, Catholic colleges objected to state support of secular institutions, professors worried that federal dollars would come with regulations hindering academic freedom, and elite-university presidents recoiled at the idea of mass higher education. Cold War congressional fights eventually made access more important than affordability. Rather than freeing colleges from their dependence on tuition, the government created a loan instrument that made college accessible in the short term but even costlier in the long term by charging an interest penalty only to needy students. In the mid-1960s, as bankers wavered over the prospect of uncollected debt, Congress backstopped the loans, provoking runaway inflation in college tuition and resulting in immense lender profits. Today 45 million Americans owe more than $1.5 trillion in college debt, with the burdens falling disproportionately on borrowers of color, particularly women. Reformers, meanwhile, have been frustrated by colleges and lenders too rich and powerful to contain. Indentured Students makes clear that these are not unforeseen consequences. The federal student loan system is working as designed.

Student loans --- College costs --- Federal aid to higher education --- History --- Edith Green. --- GI Bill. --- Higher Education Act. --- National Defense Education Act. --- National Youth Administration. --- financial aid programs. --- racial wealth gap. --- student debt crisis. --- student debt relief. --- student homelessness. --- tuition assistance.

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How creditors came to wield unprecedented power over heavily indebted countries-and the dangers this poses to democracyThe European debt crisis has rekindled long-standing debates about the power of finance and the fraught relationship between capitalism and democracy in a globalized world. Why Not Default? unravels a striking puzzle at the heart of these debates-why, despite frequent crises and the immense costs of repayment, do so many heavily indebted countries continue to service their international debts?In this compelling and incisive book, Jerome Roos provides a sweeping investigation of the political economy of sovereign debt and international crisis management. He takes readers from the rise of public borrowing in the Italian city-states to the gunboat diplomacy of the imperialist era and the wave of sovereign defaults during the Great Depression. He vividly describes the debt crises of developing countries in the 1980s and 1990s and sheds new light on the recent turmoil inside the Eurozone-including the dramatic capitulation of Greece's short-lived anti-austerity government to its European creditors in 2015.Drawing on in-depth case studies of contemporary debt crises in Mexico, Argentina, and Greece, Why Not Default? paints a disconcerting picture of the ascendancy of global finance. This important book shows how the profound transformation of the capitalist world economy over the past four decades has endowed private and official creditors with unprecedented structural power over heavily indebted borrowers, enabling them to impose painful austerity measures and enforce uninterrupted debt service during times of crisis-with devastating social consequences and far-reaching implications for democracy.

Debts, Public --- History. --- Amsterdam capital market. --- Argentina. --- Bank of Greece. --- Brady debt restructuring. --- Cristina Fernández de Kirchner. --- European debt crisis. --- Great Depression. --- Greece. --- Greek debt crisis. --- IMF. --- International Monetary Fund. --- King Philip II. --- Latin America. --- Mexico. --- Syriza party. --- bailout. --- bankers' alliance. --- bonds. --- capitalism. --- capitalist economy. --- conditional lending. --- contract enforcement. --- credit class. --- credit repayment. --- credit-money. --- credit. --- creditors. --- cross-border contract. --- debt crisis. --- debt moratorium. --- debt repayment. --- debt restructuring. --- debt service. --- debt servicing. --- debtor compliance. --- debtor discipline. --- default. --- democracy. --- democratic institutions. --- emergency lending. --- enforcement mechanism. --- external debt. --- finance. --- financial crisis. --- fiscal distress. --- foreign credit. --- foreign debt servicing. --- foreign investment. --- global finance. --- globalization. --- intermediary. --- international creditors. --- international crisis management. --- international debts. --- international lending. --- internationalization. --- lending cycles. --- long-term reputation. --- market discipline. --- power. --- public debt. --- repayment. --- short-term credit. --- social costs. --- solvency. --- sovereign debt crises. --- sovereign debt repayment. --- sovereign debt. --- sovereign default. --- spillover costs. --- structural power. --- syndicated lending. --- trade sanctions.

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Emerging market and developing economies have experienced recurrent episodes of rapid debt accumulation over the past fifty years. This paper examines the consequences of debt accumulation using a three-pronged approach: an event study of debt accumulation episodes in 100 emerging market and developing economies since 1970; a series of econometric models examining the linkages between debt and the probability of financial crises; and a set of case studies of rapid debt buildup that ended in crises. The paper reports four main results. First, episodes of debt accumulation are common, with more than 500 episodes occurring since 1970. Second, around half of these episodes were associated with financial crises which typically had worse economic outcomes than those without crises - after 8 years output per capita was typically 6-10 percent lower and investment 15-22 percent weaker in crisis episodes. Third, a rapid buildup of debt, whether public or private, increased the likelihood of a financial crisis, as did a larger share of short-term external debt, higher debt service cover, and lower reserves cover. Fourth, countries that experienced financial crises frequently employed combinations of unsustainable fiscal, monetary and financial sector policies, and often suffered from structural and institutional weaknesses.

Banking Crisis --- Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress --- Currency Crisis --- Debt Accumulation --- Debt Crisis --- Debt Markets --- Debt Sustainability --- External Debt --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Financial Crisis --- Financial Crisis Management and Restructuring --- Fiscal Policy --- Fiscal Sustainability --- International Economics and Trade --- Macroeconomic Management --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Monetary Policy --- Private Debt --- Public Debt

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Since its sovereign debt crisis in 2009, Greece has been living under austerity, with no apparent end in sight. This volume explores the effects of policies pursued by the Greek state since then (under the direction of the Troika), and how Greek society has responded. In addition to charting the actual effects of the Greek crisis on politics, health care, education, media, and other areas, the book both examines and challenges the “crisis” era as the context for changing attitudes and developments within Greek society.

Financial crises --- Social aspects --- Greece --- Economic conditions --- Social conditions --- anthropology. --- athens. --- austerity measures. --- austerity. --- business. --- debt crisis. --- economic collapse. --- economic crisis. --- economics. --- education. --- elections. --- engaging. --- finance. --- government and governing. --- greece. --- greek crisis. --- greek society. --- greek state. --- health care. --- historical. --- history. --- human condition. --- media. --- money. --- page turner. --- political science. --- political. --- politics. --- power and wealth. --- retrospective. --- revolution. --- social issues. --- social sciences. --- troika.